Abstract

In this thesis, different spectroscopic methods are used for studying metals. Electron spectroscopy is applied for the study of binding energy shifts between atomic vapor and solid metals. Photoionization and Auger decay of high temperature aluminum vapors are investigated. Ionization of atomic chromium metal vapor by light absorption is studied with synchrotron radiation and time-of-flight ion mass spectroscopy. Optical spectroscopy is used for studying light emission from electric arc furnace plasma in experimental apparatuses developed during this work. Experimental techniques and sample preparation methods are presented.

Osajulkaisut / Original papers

Osajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon / Original papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.

1. Huttula, M., Jänkälä, K., Mäkinen, A., Aksela, H., & Aksela, S. (2008). Core shell electron spectroscopy on high temperature vapors: 2s photoionization and Auger decay of atomic aluminium. New Journal of Physics, 10(1), 13009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/10/1/013009

2. Huttula, M., Partanen, L., Mäkinen, A., Kantia, T., Aksela, H., & Aksela, S. (2009). KLL Auger decay in free aluminum atoms. Physical Review A, 79(2). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.79.023412

3. Aksela, S., Kantia, T., Patanen, M., Mäkinen, A., Urpelainen, S., & Aksela, H. (2012). Accurate free atom–solid binding energy shifts for Au and Ag. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 185(8–9), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2012.05.007

4. Mäkinen, A., Patanen, M., Aksela, S., & Aksela, H. (2012). Atom-solid 3p level binding energy shift of transition metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 185(12), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2012.12.006

5. Mäkinen, A., Niskanen, J., & Aksela, H. (2012). Relative photoionization cross section of Cr atoms in the valence region. Physical Review A, 85(5). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.85.053411

6. Mäkinen, A., Niskanen, J., Tikkala, H., & Aksela, H. (2013). Optical emission from a small scale model electric arc furnace in 250–600 nm region. Review of Scientific Instruments, 84(4), 43111. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4802833