University of Oulu

Environmental life cycle assessment of livestock production : the applicability of IPCC and PEFCR methods to Finnish production

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Author: Hietala, Sanna1,2
Organizations: 1University of Oulu Graduate School
2University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology, Environmental Engineering
Format: ebook
Version: published version
Access: open
Online Access: PDF Full Text (PDF, 2.5 MB)
Persistent link: http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526239125
Language: English
Published: Oulu : University of Oulu, 2023
Publish Date: 2023-11-27
Thesis type: Doctoral Dissertation
Defence Note: Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP-Pohjola auditorium (L6), Linnanmaa, on 4 December 2023, at 12 noon
Tutor: Professor Eva Pongrácz
Professor Sirpa Kurppa
Reviewer: Associate Professor Hannah van Zanten
Professor Klára Tóthné Szita
Opponent: Associate Professor Michael MacLeod
Description:

Abstract

In this thesis, the main objective was to gain an understanding of the current level of the Finnish livestock sector’s environmental impacts and on the applicability of different LCA methods when investigating the environmental sustainability livestock products. Here, the climate change impact of Finnish beef, broiler chicken and pork were assessed with liquid organic dairy products and the most important feed crops in non-ruminant production. For the same production systems in variable combinations, eutrophication, acidification, and water scarcity impacts were assessed.

The average for the climate impact of Finnish beef was 26.1 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1, with specific methods for rumination and N2O from cultivation. With more standardised IPCC-based NIR methods, the average climate change impact for Finnish beef was 21.9 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1. Finnish broiler chicken results for climate change impact with European Commission’s PEF methods were 2.37 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1, including LUC, which was 0.55 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1. Finnish pork results with PEF methods were 3.6 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1, including LUC, which was 0.13 kg CO2 eq. kgCW-1. Organic dairy was assessed for a selection of farms with IPCC methods and the average of included European countries was 1.32 kg CO2 eq. kgECM-1. Water scarcity impacts were assessed for Finnish broiler chicken and pork production, besides the feed crops utilised in their production. The average water scarcity impact of Finnish broiler chicken was 0.54 m3 eq. kgCW-1, and of Finnish pork 0.69 m3 eq. kgCW-1.

The importance of more sensitive methods for prediction N2O from crop cultivation and CH4 from enteric fermentation became evident in assessing climate change impact of beef. This allowed diet composition to be included in more detail, which was also reflected in the results, increasing resolution in mitigation design and supporting mitigation efforts. The IPCC and PEF methods differed in how they included N2O emissions in the assessment. It was noted that especially for Finland, N2O emissions should be included according to IPCC methods for the best accuracy. Yet, it was found mainly uncontroversial to use either of the methods, as the magnitude of the results and the most important life cycle stages remained same with both methods in most cases.

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Tiivistelmä

Tämän väitöskirjatyön päätavoitteena on ollut saada käsitys suomalaisen kotieläinsektorin ympäristövaikutusten nykytasosta ja erilaisten LCA-menetelmien soveltuvuudesta kotieläintuotteiden ympäristökestävyyden selvittämiseen. Työssä arvioitiin suomalaisen naudanlihan, broilerinlihan ja sianlihan ilmastovaikutuksia, yhdessä luomumaidon ja yksimahaistuotannon tärkeimpien kotimaisten rehukasvien kanssa. Ilmastovaikutuksen lisäksi samoille tuotteille arvioitiin vaihtelevin yhdistelmin myös rehevöitymis-, happamoitumis- ja vesiniukkuusvaikutukset.

Suomalaisen naudanlihan keskimääräinen ilmastovaikutus 26,1 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1, kun laskennassa käytettiin erityisiä suomalaisiin olosuhteisiin kehitettyjä menetelmiä. Standardisoiduilla, IPCC:n laskentaohjeisiin perustuvilla kasvihuonekaasuinventaarin menetelmillä naudanlihan ilmastovaikutus oli keskimäärin 21,9 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1. Suomalaisen broilerinlihan ilmastovaikutus Euroopan Komission PEF-menetelmällä oli 2,37 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1, mukaan lukien maankäytön muutokset (LUC) 0,55 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1. Suomalaisen sianlihan ilmastovaikutus PEF-menetelmällä oli 3,6 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1, mukaan lukien LUC, joka oli 0,13 kg CO2 ekv. teuras-kg-1. Luomumaidontuotantoa arvioitiin ilmastovaikutuksen osalta valituilla eurooppalaisilla tiloilla IPCC:n menetelmillä ja tilojen luomumaidon keskiarvo oli 1,32 kg CO2 ekv. EKM-kg-1. Suomalaisen broilerin keskimääräinen vesiniukkuusvaikutus oli 0,54 m3 ekv. teuras-kg-1, ja suomalaisen tyypillisen sianlihan osalta 0,69 m3 ekv. teuras-kg-1.

Naudanlihan ilmastovaikutusarvioinnissa herkempien, suomalaisiin olosuhteisiin soveltuvien ennustusmallien käytön tärkeys kävi ilmi ruoansulatuksen metaanin ja kasvinviljelyn N2O-päästöjen osalta. Rehuannoksen koostumus voitiin näillä menetelmillä sisällyttää tarkemmin, mikä heijastui myös ilmastovaikutustuloksiin, parantaen erotuskykyä ja vähennystoimien suunnittelua.

IPCC- ja PEF-menetelmien välillä oli eroa siinä, miten ne sisällyttivät N2O-päästöt laskentaan. Erityisesti Suomessa, N2O-päästöt tulisi huomioida kattavasti IPCC-menetelmien mukaan parhaan tarkkuuden saavuttamiseksi. Kuitenkin tulosten suuruus ja tärkeimmät elinkaarivaiheet pysyivät samoina molemmilla tavoilla, lähes kaikissa tapauksissa.

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Osajulkaisut / Original papers

Osajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon. / Original papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.

  1. Hietala, S., Smith, L., Knudsen, M. T., Kurppa, S., Padel, S., & Hermansen, J. E. (2015). Carbon footprints of organic dairying in six European countries—Real farm data analysis. Organic Agriculture, 5(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-014-0084-0

  2. Hietala, S., Heusala, H., Katajajuuri, J.-M., Järvenranta, K., Virkajärvi, P., Huuskonen, A., & Nousiainen, J. (2021). Environmental life cycle assessment of Finnish beef – cradle-to-farm gate analysis of dairy and beef breed beef production. Agricultural Systems, 194, 103250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103250

  3. Hietala, S., Usva, K., Nousiainen, J., Vieraankivi, M.-L., Vorne, V., & Leinonen, I. (2022). Environmental impact assessment of Finnish feed crop production with methodological comparison of PEF and IPCC methods for climate change impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134664

  4. Usva, K., Hietala, S., Nousiainen, J., Vorne, V., Vieraankivi, M.-L., Jallinoja, M., & Leinonen, I. (2023). Environmental life cycle assessment of Finnish broiler chicken production – Focus on climate change and water scarcity impacts. Journal of Cleaner Production, 410, 137097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137097

  5. Hietala, S., Usva. K., Vieraankivi, M.-L., Vorne, V., Nousiainen, J., & Leinonen, I. (2023). Environmental sustainability of Finnish pork production: Life cycle assessment of climate change and water scarcity impacts. Manuscript submitted for publication.

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Series: Acta Universitatis Ouluensis. C, Technica
ISSN: 0355-3213
ISSN-E: 1796-2226
ISSN-L: 0355-3213
ISBN: 978-952-62-3912-5
ISBN Print: 978-952-62-3911-8
Issue: 913
Type of Publication: G5 Doctoral dissertation (articles)
Field of Science: 218 Environmental engineering
Subjects:
LCA
Funding: The financial support for the conducted projects was received from EU FP7, grant agreement no. FP7-266367 (SOLID-Sustainable Organic and Low Input Dairying), Green Growth - Towards a Sustainable Future -programme of the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation (Tekes), Development Fund for Agriculture and Forestry (Makera), the Strategic Research Council at the Academy of Finland for Leg4Life project (2019–2025, grant numbers 327700 and 327698), A-Rehu Oy, HKScan Finland Ltd, the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK), Raisioagro and Yara Finland, and is greatly acknowledged.
Academy of Finland Grant Number: 327700
327698
Detailed Information: 327700 (Academy of Finland Funding decision)
327698 (Academy of Finland Funding decision)
Copyright information: © University of Oulu, 2023. This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.