Abstract

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

Publisher’s Note

A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space.

Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia

Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A.

A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom

László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary

Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia

Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany

Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom

Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A.

Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany

Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic

Takayuki Aoki Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan

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Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Arne Aronsen Torødveien 54, 3135 Torød, Norway

Ulf Arup Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden

Bita Asgari Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran

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Violeta Atienza Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain

Ditte Bandini Panoramastr 47, 69257 Wiesenbach, Germany

João Luís Baptista-Ferreira Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

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Tim Baroni The State University of New York, 340 Bowers Hall, P.O. Box 2000, Cortland, New York 13045, U.S.A.

Robert Weingart Barreto Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Henry Beker (1) Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom; (2) Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium

Ann Bell 45 Gurney Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

Jean-Michel Bellanger CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France

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Mika Bendiksby NTNU, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway

Egil Bendiksen Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway

Katriina Bendiksen Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway

Lajos Benedek Szent Istvan University, Hungary

Anna Bérešová-Guttová Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia

Franz Berger University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

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Curtis Bjork UBC Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Canada

Teun Boekhout (1) Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; (2) Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Tatiana Bulyonkova A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 6 Acad. Lavrentjev pr., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

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Andre De Kesel Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium

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Mónica A. García Otálora Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland

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Yasmina Marin-Felix Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Guilhermina Marques Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Laboratory of Mycology and Soil Microbiology, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

Rubén Martínez-Gil Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France

Guy Marson Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Gerardo Mata Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico

P. Brandon Matheny University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.

Geir Harald Mathiassen Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø — The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway

Neven Matočec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Helmut Mayrhofer Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria

Mehdi Mehrabi Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran

Ireneia Melo Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Armin Mešić Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Andrew S. Methven Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, U.S.A

Otto Miettinen Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Ana M. Millanes Romero Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

Andrew N. Miller Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A.

James K. Mitchell Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.

Roland Moberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Pierre-Arthur Moreau Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France

Gabriel Moreno Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

Olga Morozova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Asunción Morte Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain

Lucia Muggia University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Guillermo Muñoz González Avda Valvanera N.32, 5D, 26500 Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain

Leena Myllys Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

István Nagy Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

László G. Nagy Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary

Maria Alice Neves Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil

Tuomo Niemelä Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Pier Luigi Nimis University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Nicolas Niveiro Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina

Machiel E. Noordeloos Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

Anders Nordin Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Sara Raouia Noumeur Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 05000 Batna, Algeria

Yuri Novozhilov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Jorinde Nuytinck Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

Esteri Ohenoja Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, Finland

Patricia Oliveira Fiuza Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, CEP:44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil

Alan Orange National Museum of Wales, Cardiff CF10 3NP, United Kingdom

Alexander Ordynets University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany

Beatriz Ortiz-Santana USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, U.S.A.

Leticia Pacheco Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 México, D. F., Mexico

Ferenc Pál-Fám Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary

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Zdeněk Palice Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic

Viktor Papp Szent Istvan University, 1118 Budapest, Menesi st. 44, Hungary

Kadri Pärtelv Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia

Julia Pawlowska Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland

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Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain

Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain

Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain

Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain

Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A.

Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark

Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.

Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A.

Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland

Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain

Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium

Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina

María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany

Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.

Gerhard Rambold University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany

Natalia A. Ramírez Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina

Huzefa Raja University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro North Carolina 27402-6170, U.S.A.

Olivier Raspé Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium

Tania Raymundo Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico

Martina Réblová Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pruhonice, Czech Republic

Yury A. Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia

Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain

Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain

Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France

Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom

Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Cristina Rodriguez-Caycedo UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.

Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland

Anna Ronikier W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland

Luis Rubio Casas Ul. Andrieja Sacharowa 1/1, 30-806 Kraków, Poland

Katerina Rusevska Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

Günter Saar Dammenmühle 7, 77933 Lahr-Sulz, Germany

Irja Saar Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia

Isabel Salcedo University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

Sergio M. Salcedo Martínez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UANL. Ave. Pedro de Alba s/n esq. Manuel Barragán Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León, CP. 66451, Mexico

Carlos A. Salvador Montoya Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina

Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez University of Toronto, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada

J. Vladimir Sandoval-Sierra Health Science Centre, University of Tennessee, U.S.A.

Sergi Santamaria Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Despatx C1/331, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain

Josiane Santana Monteiro Botany Coordination, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Hans Josef Schroers Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Barbara Schulz Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany

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Hana Ševčíková Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic

Oleg Shchepin Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Takashi Shirouzu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan

Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202/3, Russia

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Karl Soop Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Viacheslav Spirin Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Toby Spribille University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada

Marc Stadler Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany

Joost Stalpers Torenlaan 43, 3742CR Baarn, The Netherlands

Soili Stenroos Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Ave Suija Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia

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Sten Svantesson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden

Sigvard Svensson Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden

Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva (1) Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; (2) Department of Technologies of Living Systems, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Lenin ave. 125, Tula, 300026, Russia

Krzysztof Świerkosz Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. Sienkiewicza 5, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland

Heidi Tamm Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia

Hatira Taskin Faculty of Agriculture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey

Adrien Taudière CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France

Jan-Olof Tedebrand Sundsvall Mycological Society, Medelpad, Sweden

Raúl Tena Lahoz C/Arreñales del Portillo B 21 1°D, 44003 Teruel, Spain

Marina Temina Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel

Arne Thell Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden

Marco Thines Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Göran Thor Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany

Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway

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Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany

Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia

Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A.

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Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France

Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico

Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands

Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France

Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia

Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland

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Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A.

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Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway

Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy

Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany

Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia

Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany

Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom

Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany

Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway

Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus

Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic

Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China

Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia

The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned)

Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina)

Austrian Mycological Society (Austria)

Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia)

Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic)

The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands)

Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain)

Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain)

Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain)

Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain)

Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain)

Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)