Direct measurement of the direction, size, and velocity of droplets generated by top‐blowing
Haas, Tim; Ringel, Aron; Visuri, Ville-Valtteri; Eickhoff, Moritz; Pfeifer, Herbert (2019-06-04)
Haas, T., Ringel, A., Visuri, V., Eickhoff, M. and Pfeifer, H. (2019), Direct Measurement of the Direction, Size, and Velocity of Droplets Generated by Top‐Blowing. steel research int., 90: 1900177. doi:10.1002/srin.201900177
© 2019 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Haas, T. , Ringel, A. , Visuri, V. , Eickhoff, M. and Pfeifer, H. (2019), Direct Measurement of the Direction, Size, and Velocity of Droplets Generated by Top‐Blowing. steel research int., 90: 1900177, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201900177. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
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https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2019093030639
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Problems associated with top‐blowing are present in most steel plants. While it promotes high reaction rates, it can cause loss of yield, working hazards, and increased maintenance cost by spitting, skulling, or lid sticking. Although the basic physics of the splashing phenomenon have already been established, earlier studies have not addressed the velocities of splashing droplets. Furthermore, existing information on the size and impingement angle of the droplets is based on indirect measurements. Herein, a direct measurement method for splashing droplets is developed that obtains the number of droplets, splashing angle, droplet velocity, and diameter at the same time. It is found that existing correlations overestimate the droplet diameter, because they are biased by the indirect method and overfit the results obtained with raw iron. Grid measurements indicate that all droplet properties strongly depend upon the sampling position. Finally, the splashing angle is found to become steeper while the lance height decreases. However, the effect is less correlated with the cavity mode than assumed in the literature. Further measurements are proposed, using the methodology developed in this work, to derive more comprehensive droplet property correlations. By that, lance designs and blowing practices can be optimized.
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