Monitoring of the radio galaxy M 87 during a low-emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC

Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Engels, A. Arbet; Arcaro, C.; Baack, D.; Babic, A.; Banerjee, B.; Bangale, P.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Becerra Gonzalez, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bellizzi, L.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bosnjak, Z.; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Chilingaryan, A.; Cikota, S.; Colak, S. M.; Colin, U.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Elia, V; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Depaoli, D.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Do Souto Espineira, E.; Prester, D. Dominis; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Ramazani, V. Fallah; Fattorini, A.; Fernandez-Barral, A.; Ferrara, G.; Fidalgo, D.; Foffano, L.; Fonseca, M., V; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Fukami, S.; Garcia Lopez, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Godinovic, N.; Green, D.; Guberman, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Herrera, J.; Hoang, J.; Hrupec, D.; Huetten, M.; Inada, T.; Inoue, S.; Ishio, K.; Iwamura, Y.; Jouvin, L.; Kerszberg, D.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; Lopez, M.; Lopez-Coto, R.; Lopez-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Maggio, C.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mannheim, K.; Maraschi, L.; Mariotti, M.; Martinez, M.; Masuda, S.; Mazin, D.; Micanovic, S.; Miceli, D.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V; Moretti, E.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Neustroev, V; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Ninci, D.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nogues, L.; Noethe, M.; Nozaki, S.; Paiano, S.; Palacio, J.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Penil, P.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Moroni, P. G. Prada; Prandini, E.; Puljak, I; Rhode, W.; Ribo, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Saha, L.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Satalecka, K.; Schmidt, K.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Snidaric, I; Sobczynska, D.; Somero, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Suric, T.; Takahashi, M.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terzic, T.; Teshima, M.; Torres-Alba, N.; Tosti, L.; Tsujimoto, S.; Vagelli, V.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vanzo, G.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Vigorito, C. F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I; Will, M.; Zaric, D.; Asano, K.; Hada, K.; Harris, D. E.; Giroletti, M.; Jermak, H. E.; Madrid, J. P.; Massaro, F.; Richter, S.; Spanier, F.; Steele, I. A.; Walker, R. C.

JultikaUniversity of Oulu repository

	MAGIC Collaboration, V A Acciari, S Ansoldi, L A Antonelli, A Arbet Engels, C Arcaro, D Baack, A Babić, B Banerjee, P Bangale, U Barres de Almeida, J A Barrio, J Becerra González, W Bednarek, L Bellizzi, E Bernardini, A Berti, J Besenrieder, W Bhattacharyya, C Bigongiari, A Biland, O Blanch, G Bonnoli, Ž Bošnjak, G Busetto, R Carosi, G Ceribella, Y Chai, A Chilingaryan, S Cikota, S M Colak, U Colin, E Colombo, J L Contreras, J Cortina, S Covino, V D’Elia, P Da Vela, F Dazzi, A De Angelis, B De Lotto, M Delfino, J Delgado, D Depaoli, F Di Pierro, L Di Venere, E Do Souto Espiñeira, D Dominis Prester, A Donini, D Dorner, M Doro, D Elsaesser, V Fallah Ramazani, A Fattorini, A Fernández-Barral, G Ferrara, D Fidalgo, L Foffano, M V Fonseca, L Font, C Fruck, S Fukami, R J García López, M Garczarczyk, S Gasparyan, M Gaug, N Giglietto, F Giordano, N Godinović, D Green, D Guberman, D Hadasch, A Hahn, J Herrera, J Hoang, D Hrupec, M Hütten, T Inada, S Inoue, K Ishio, Y Iwamura, L Jouvin, D Kerszberg, H Kubo, J Kushida, A Lamastra, D Lelas, F Leone, E Lindfors, S Lombardi, F Longo, M López, R López-Coto, A López-Oramas, S Loporchio, B Machado de Oliveira Fraga, C Maggio, P Majumdar, M Makariev, M Mallamaci, G Maneva, M Manganaro, K Mannheim, L Maraschi, M Mariotti, M Martínez, S Masuda, D Mazin, S Mićanović, D Miceli, M Minev, J M Miranda, R Mirzoyan, E Molina, A Moralejo, D Morcuende, V Moreno, E Moretti, P Munar-Adrover, V Neustroev, C Nigro, K Nilsson, D Ninci, K Nishijima, K Noda, L Nogués, M Nöthe, S Nozaki, S Paiano, J Palacio, M Palatiello, D Paneque, R Paoletti, J M Paredes, P Peñil, M Peresano, M Persic, P G Prada Moroni, E Prandini, I Puljak, W Rhode, M Ribó, J Rico, C Righi, A Rugliancich, L Saha, N Sahakyan, T Saito, S Sakurai, K Satalecka, K Schmidt, T Schweizer, J Sitarek, I Šnidarić, D Sobczynska, A Somero, A Stamerra, D Strom, M Strzys, Y Suda, T Surić, M Takahashi, F Tavecchio, P Temnikov, T Terzić, M Teshima, N Torres-Albà, L Tosti, S Tsujimoto, V Vagelli, J van Scherpenberg, G Vanzo, M Vazquez Acosta, C F Vigorito, V Vitale, I Vovk, M Will, D Zarić, Collaborators: K Asano, K Hada, D E Harris, M Giroletti, H E Jermak, J P Madrid, F Massaro, S Richter, F Spanier, I A Steele, R C Walker, Monitoring of the radio galaxy M 87 during a low-emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 492, Issue 4, March 2020, Pages 5354–5365, https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa014 Monitoring of the radio galaxy M 87 during a low-emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC Saved in:
Author:	Acciari, V. A.^1,2; Ansoldi, S.^3,4,5,6,7,8; Antonelli, L. A.⁹; Engels, A. Arbet¹⁰; Arcaro, C.^11,12; Baack, D.¹³; Babic, A.^14,15,16,17; Banerjee, B.¹⁸; Bangale, P.¹⁹; Barres de Almeida, U.²⁰; Barrio, J. A.^21,22; Becerra Gonzalez, J.^1,2; Bednarek, W.²³; Bellizzi, L.^24,25; Bernardini, E.^26,27,28; Berti, A.²⁹; Besenrieder, J.¹⁹; Bhattacharyya, W.²⁶; Bigongiari, C.⁹; Biland, A.¹⁰; Blanch, O.³⁰; Bonnoli, G.^24,25; Bosnjak, Z.^14,15,16,17; Busetto, G.^27,28; Carosi, R.^31,32; Ceribella, G.¹⁹; Chai, Y.¹⁹; Chilingaryan, A.³³; Cikota, S.^14,15,16,17; Colak, S. M.³⁰; Colin, U.¹⁹; Colombo, E.^1,2; Contreras, J. L.^21,22; Cortina, J.³⁴; Covino, S.⁹; D'Elia, V⁹; Da Vela, P.^31,32; Dazzi, F.⁹; De Angelis, A.^27,28; De Lotto, B.^3,4; Delfino, M.^30,35; Delgado, J.^30,35; Depaoli, D.²⁹; Di Pierro, F.²⁹; Di Venere, L.²⁹; Do Souto Espineira, E.³⁰; Prester, D. Dominis^14,15,16,17; Donini, A.^3,4; Dorner, D.³⁶; Doro, M.^27,28; Elsaesser, D.¹³; Ramazani, V. Fallah^37,38; Fattorini, A.¹³; Fernandez-Barral, A.^27,28; Ferrara, G.⁹; Fidalgo, D.^21,22; Foffano, L.^27,28; Fonseca, M., V^21,22; Font, L.^39,40; Fruck, C.¹⁹; Fukami, S.^5,6,7,8; Garcia Lopez, R. J.^1,2; Garczarczyk, M.²⁶; Gasparyan, S.³³; Gaug, M.^39,40; Giglietto, N.²⁹; Giordano, F.²⁹; Godinovic, N.^14,15,16,17; Green, D.¹⁹; Guberman, D.³⁰; Hadasch, D.^5,6,7,8; Hahn, A.¹⁹; Herrera, J.^1,2; Hoang, J.^21,22; Hrupec, D.^14,15,16,17; Huetten, M.¹⁹; Inada, T.^5,6,7,8; Inoue, S.^5,6,7,8; Ishio, K.¹⁹; Iwamura, Y.^5,6,7,8; Jouvin, L.³⁰; Kerszberg, D.³⁰; Kubo, H.^5,6,7,8; Kushida, J.^5,6,7,8; Lamastra, A.⁹; Lelas, D.^14,15,16,17; Leone, F.⁹; Lindfors, E.^37,38; Lombardi, S.⁹; Longo, F.^3,4,41; Lopez, M.^21,22; Lopez-Coto, R.^27,28; Lopez-Oramas, A.^1,2; Loporchio, S.²⁹; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.²⁰; Maggio, C.^39,40; Majumdar, P.¹⁸; Makariev, M.⁴²; Mallamaci, M.^27,28; Maneva, G.⁴²; Manganaro, M.^14,15,16,17; Mannheim, K.³⁶; Maraschi, L.⁹; Mariotti, M.^27,28; Martinez, M.³⁰; Masuda, S.^5,6,7,8; Mazin, D.^5,6,7,8,19; Micanovic, S.^14,15,16,17; Miceli, D.^3,4; Minev, M.⁴²; Miranda, J. M.^24,25; Mirzoyan, R.¹⁹; Molina, E.⁴³; Moralejo, A.³⁰; Morcuende, D.^21,22; Moreno, V^39,40; Moretti, E.³⁰; Munar-Adrover, P.^39,40; Neustroev, V^37,38; Nigro, C.²⁶; Nilsson, K.^37,38; Ninci, D.³⁰; Nishijima, K.^5,6,7,8; Noda, K.^5,6,7,8; Nogues, L.³⁰; Noethe, M.¹³; Nozaki, S.^5,6,7,8; Paiano, S.^27,28; Palacio, J.³⁰; Palatiello, M.^3,4; Paneque, D.¹⁹; Paoletti, R.^24,25; Paredes, J. M.⁴³; Penil, P.^21,22; Peresano, M.^3,4; Persic, M.^3,4,44,45; Moroni, P. G. Prada^31,32; Prandini, E.^27,28; Puljak, I^14,15,16,17; Rhode, W.¹³; Ribo, M.⁴³; Rico, J.³⁰; Righi, C.⁹; Rugliancich, A.^31,32; Saha, L.^21,22; Sahakyan, N.³³; Saito, T.^5,6,7,8; Sakurai, S.^5,6,7,8; Satalecka, K.²⁶; Schmidt, K.¹³; Schweizer, T.¹⁹; Sitarek, J.²³; Snidaric, I^14,15,16,17; Sobczynska, D.²³; Somero, A.^1,2; Stamerra, A.⁹; Strom, D.¹⁹; Strzys, M.¹⁹; Suda, Y.¹⁹; Suric, T.^14,15,16,17; Takahashi, M.^5,6,7,8; Tavecchio, F.⁹; Temnikov, P.⁴²; Terzic, T.^14,15,16,17; Teshima, M.^5,6,7,8,19; Torres-Alba, N.⁴³; Tosti, L.²⁹; Tsujimoto, S.^5,6,7,8; Vagelli, V.²⁹; van Scherpenberg, J.¹⁹; Vanzo, G.^1,2; Vazquez Acosta, M.^1,2; Vigorito, C. F.²⁹; Vitale, V.²⁹; Vovk, I¹⁹; Will, M.¹⁹; Zaric, D.^14,15,16,17; Asano, K.⁴⁶; Hada, K.^47,48; Harris, D. E.⁴⁹; Giroletti, M.⁵⁰; Jermak, H. E.⁵¹; Madrid, J. P.⁵²; Massaro, F.^53,54,55,56; Richter, S.¹¹; Spanier, F.^11,57; Steele, I. A.⁵¹; Walker, R. C.⁵⁸
Organizations:	¹Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. ²Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, E-38206 San Cristobal la Laguna, Spain. ³Univ Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy. ⁴INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy. ⁵Univ Tokyo, Japanese MAGIC Consortium ICRR, Tokyo 2778582, Japan. ⁶Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. ⁷Tokai Univ, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 2591292, Japan. ⁸RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan. ⁹Natl Inst Astrophys INAF, I-00136 Rome, Italy. ¹⁰Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ¹¹North West Univ, Ctr Space Res, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa. ¹²INAF, Osservatorio Astron Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy. ¹³Tech Univ Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany. ¹⁴Univ Rijeka, Dept Phys, Croatian Consortium, Rijeka 51000, Croatia. ¹⁵Univ Split, FESB, Split 21000, Croatia. ¹⁶Univ Zagreb, FER, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. ¹⁷Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Zagreb 10000, Croatia. ¹⁸HBNI, Saha Inst Nucl Phys, 1 AF Bidhannagai,Sect 1, Kolkata 700064, India. ¹⁹Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany. ²⁰CBPF, BR-22290180 Urca, RJ, Brazil. ²¹Univ Complutense Madrid, IPARCOS Inst, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ²²Univ Complutense Madrid, EMFTEL Dept, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ²³Univ Lodz, Dept Astrophys, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland. ²⁴Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy. ²⁵INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy. ²⁶DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany. ²⁷Univ Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy. ²⁸Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-35131 Padua, Italy. ²⁹Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-00044 Rome, Italy. ³⁰Barcelona Inst Sci & Technol, IFAE, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. ³¹Univ Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. ³²INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. ³³NAS RA, ICRANet Armenia, Yerevan 0019, Armenia. ³⁴Ctr Invest Energet Medioambientales & Tecnol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. ³⁵PIC, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. ³⁶Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany. ³⁷Univ Turku, Finnish MAGIC Consortium Finnish Ctr Astron ESO F, FI-20014 Turku, Finland. ³⁸Univ Oulu, Astron Res Unit, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. ³⁹Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Fis, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. ⁴⁰Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CERES IEEC, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain. ⁴¹Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Fis, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. ⁴²Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res & Nucl Energy, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. ⁴³Univ Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. ⁴⁴INAF Trieste, I-34143 Trieste, Italy. ⁴⁵Univ Bologna, Dept Phys & Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy. ⁴⁶Univ Tokyo, ICRR, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan. ⁴⁷Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka Cho, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan. ⁴⁸Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan. ⁴⁹Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. ⁵⁰INAF, Ist Radioastron, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. ⁵¹Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Liverpool L1 2U, Merseyside, England. ⁵²Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley, Dept Phys & Astron, One West Univ Blvd, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. ⁵³Univ Torino, Dipartimento Fis, Via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Turin, Italy. ⁵⁴Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Torino, I-10125 Turin, Italy. ⁵⁵INAF, Osservatorio Astrofis Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025 Pino Torinese, Italy. ⁵⁶CIFS, Via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Turin, Italy. ⁵⁷Heidelberg Univ, Inst Theoret Astrophys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ⁵⁸Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
Format:	article
Version:	published version
Access:	open
Online Access:	PDF Full Text (PDF, 0.7 MB)
Persistent link:	http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020060340298
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford University Press, 2020
Publish Date:	2020-06-03
Description:	Abstract M 87 is one of the closest (z = 0.004 36) extragalactic sources emitting at very high energies (VHE, E > 100 GeV). The aim of this work is to locate the region of the VHE gamma-ray emission and to describe the observed broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) during the low VHE gamma-ray state. The data from M 87 collected between 2012 and 2015 as part of a MAGIC monitoring programme are analysed and combined with multiwavelength data from Fermi-LAT, Chandra, HST, EVN, VLBA, and the Liverpool Telescope. The averaged VHE gamma-ray spectrum can be fitted from ∼100 GeV to ∼10 TeV with a simple power law with a photon index of (−2.41 ± 0.07), while the integral flux above 300 GeV is (1.44±0.13)×10⁻¹²cm⁻²s⁻¹⁠. During the campaign between 2012 and 2015, M 87 is generally found in a low-emission state at all observed wavelengths. The VHE gamma-ray flux from the present 2012–2015M 87 campaign is consistent with a constant flux with some hint of variability (⁠∼3σ⁠) on a daily time-scale in 2013. The low-state gamma-ray emission likely originates from the same region as the flare-state emission. Given the broad-band SED, both a leptonic synchrotron self-Compton and a hybrid photohadronic model reproduce the available data well, even if the latter is preferred. We note, however, that the energy stored in the magnetic field in the leptonic scenario is very low, suggesting a matter-dominated emission region. see all 
Series:	Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
ISSN:	0035-8711
ISSN-E:	1365-8711
ISSN-L:	0035-8711
Volume:	492
Issue:	4
Pages:	5354 - 5365
DOI:	10.1093/mnras/staa014
OADOI:	https://oadoi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa014
Type of Publication:	A1 Journal article – refereed
Field of Science:	115 Astronomy and space science
Subjects:	adiation mechanisms: non-thermal galaxies: active galaxies: individual: M 87 galaxies: jets gamma rays: galaxies Article
Funding:	The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), the Swiss National Fund (SNF), the ERDF under the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668,FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P, FPA2017-90566-REDC), the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, the Japanese JSPS and MEXT, and the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia ‘Severo Ochoa’ SEV-2016-0588 and SEV-2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia ‘María de Maeztu’ MDM-2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers grants SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, by the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00382, and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq, and FAPERJ.
Copyright information:	This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2020 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

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Monitoring of the radio galaxy M 87 during a low-emission state from 2012 to 2015 with MAGIC

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