Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 |
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Author: | Wiens, Kirsten E.1; Lindstedt, Paulina A.1; Blacker, Brigette F.1; |
Organizations: |
1Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. 2Univ Tehran Med Sci, Adv Diagnost & Intervent Radiol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 3Cairo Univ, Dept Neurol, Cairo, Egypt.
4Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran.
5Near East Univ, Dept Biostat, Nicosia, Cyprus. 6Madda Walabu Univ, Dept Biostat & Hlth Informat, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. 7Debre Markos Univ, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. 8Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Pediat Dent, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 9Philippine Inst Dev Studies, Dept Res, Quezon City, Philippines. 10London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Dis Control, London, England. 11Fdn Sci Res, Clin Res & Operat, Cotonou, Benin. 12Dongguk Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Gyeongju, South Korea. 13Kathmandu Univ, Dept Community Med, Devdaha, Nepal. 14Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Hamadan, Iran. 15Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Global Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa. 16South African Med Res Council, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa. 17Univ Coll Hosp, Coll Med, Ibadan, Nigeria. 18Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Med Rehabil, Ife, Nigeria. 19Cardiff Univ, Sch Med, Cardiff, Wales. 20Stellenbosch Univ, Ctr Excellence Epidemiol Modelling & Anal, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 21Mekelle Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 22Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 23Mayo Clin, Dept Dermatol, Rochester, MN USA. 24Mahsa Univ, Fac Pharm, Kuala Langat, Malaysia. 25Univ Nottingham, Lincoln Med Sch, Lincoln, England. 26Univ Lincoln, Lincoln Med Sch, Lincoln, England. 27Univ Gezira, Econ & Rural Dev Dept, Wad Madani, Sudan. 28Jimma Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Jimma, Ethiopia. 29Univ South Australia, Australian Ctr Precis Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 30BRAC Univ, James P Grant Sch Publ Hlth, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 31Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Hlth Syst & Populat Studies Div, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 32Univ Gondar, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Gondar, Ethiopia. 33Mayo Clin Fdn Med Educ & Res, Mayo Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA. 34Washington Univ, John T Milliken Dept Internal Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. 35Dept Vet Affairs, Clin Epidemiol Ctr, St Louis, MO USA. 36Queensland Hlth, Prevent Div, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. 37Griffith Univ, Ctr Environm & Populat Hlth, Nathan, Qld, Australia. 38Dalhousie Univ, Community Hlth & Epidemiol, Halifax, NS, Canada. 39Madda Walabu Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. 40Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Hlth Informat Management & Technol Dept, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 41Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 42Erbil Polytech Univ, Erbil Tech Hlth Coll, Erbil, Iraq. 43Tishk Int Univ, Sch Pharm, Erbil, Iraq. 44Qazvin Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Qazvin, Iran. 45Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 46Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Econ Dept, Tehran, Iran. 47Kuwait Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Safat, Kuwait. 48Natl Univ Malaysia, Int Ctr Casemix & Clin Coding, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia. 49Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Kermanshah, Iran. 50Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Arak, Iran. 51Jazan Univ, Med Res Ctr, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 52Sanaa Univ, Dept Parasitol, Sanaa, Yemen. 53King Saud Univ, Pediat Intens Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 54Univ Cartagena, Res Grp Hlth Econ, Cartagena, Colombia. 55Univ Coast, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia. 56Univ Coast, Dept Econ Sci, Barranquilla, Colombia. 57Natl Inst Hlth, Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia. 58Arak Univ Med Sci, Hlth Serv Management Dept, Arak, Iran. 59Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Manila, Philippines. 60Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. 61Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Cardiol Dept, Bucharest, Romania. 62Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Rafsanjan, Iran. 63Univ Tehran Med Sci, Digest Dis Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. 64Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Res Ctr Evidence Based Med, Tabriz, Iran. 65Agr Res Educ & Extens Org, Razi Vaccine & Serum Res Inst, Tehran, Iran. 66Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, Manila, Philippines. 67Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Appl Social Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. 68Univ Tasmania, Menzies Inst Med Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia. 69Sebelas Maret Univ, Agribusiness Study Program, Surakarta, Indonesia. 70Ain Shams Univ, Neurol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 71Birmingham City Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. 72Saveh Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Saveh, Iran. 73Yasuj Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Yasuj, Iran. 74Western Sydney Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia. 75Univ Sydney, Disciple Child & Adolescent Hlth, Westmead, NSW, Australia. 76Abt Associates Nepal, Monitoring Evaluat & Operat Res Project, Lalitpur, Nepal. 77Babol Univ Med Sci, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Babol, Iran. 78Babol Univ Med Sci, Babol, Iran. 79Iran Univ Med Sci, Prevent Med & Publ Hlth Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 80Aksum Univ, Dept Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia. 81Zanjan Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Zanjan, Iran. 82Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Biol, Maragheh, Iran. 83Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Clin Global Hlth Educ, Baltimore, MD USA. 84Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Dr DY Patil Med Coll, Hosp & Res Ctr, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 85Univ Leicester, Sch Business, Leicester, Leics, England. 86Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania. 87Wolaita Sodo Univ, Dept Nursing, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. 88La Trobe Univ, Judith Lumley Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 89Peruvian Natl Inst Hlth, Gen Off Res & Technol Transfer, Lima, Peru. 90Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia. 91Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Hlth Policy Planning & Management, Ho, Ghana. 92Debre Berhan Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. 93Burnet Inst, Global Adolescent Hlth Grp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 94South Australian Hlth & Med Res Inst, Wardliparingga Aboriginal Res Unit, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 95Univ KwaZulu Natal, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Durban, South Africa. 96Univ Lagos, Dept Community Hlth & Primary Care, Lagos, Nigeria. 97Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. 98Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. 99Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. 100All India Inst Med Sci, Ctr Community Med, New Delhi, India. 101Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Forens Med & Toxicol, Manipal, India. 102Haramaya Univ, Dept Med Microbiol, Harar, Ethiopia. 103Haramaya Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Harar, Ethiopia. 104Med Univ Lodz, Dept Hypertens, Lodz, Poland. 105Polish Mothers Mem Hosp, Res Inst, Lodz, Poland. 106Univ London, Dept Internal Med, London, England. 107Alexandria Univ, Dept Gen Med, Alexandria, Egypt. 108Clin Ctr Serbia, Clin Infect & Trop Dis, Belgrade, Serbia. 109Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia. 110Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth, Heidelberg, Germany. 111Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 112Aden Coll, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Aden, Yemen. 113Harvard Univ, Ctr Primary Care, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 114Imperial Coll London, Sch Publ Hlth, London, England. 115Ho Chi Minh City Univ Technol, Informat Technol, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 116Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Hlth Human Resources Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran. 117Wollo Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dessie, Ethiopia. 118Jazan Univ, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 119Gandhi Med Coll Bhopal, Dept Community Med, Bhopal, India. 120NYU, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, New York, NY USA. 121Lorestan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Khorramabad, Iran. 122Lorestan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Khorramabad, Iran. 123Mizan Tepi Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia. 124Univ Debrecen, Doctoral Sch Hlth Sci, Debrecen, Hungary. 125Wollo Univ, Dept Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia. 126Yale Univ, Sch Environm, New Haven, CT USA. 127Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England. 128Arba Minch Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. 129Emory Univ, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 130Univ S Florida, Dept Global Hlth, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. 131Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Springfield, MA USA. 132Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India. 133Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India. 134Global Inst Interdisciplinary Studies, Dept Global Hlth, Kathmandu, Nepal. 135George Inst Global Hlth, Injury Div, New Delhi, India. 136Univ New South Wales, George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 137Univ Toronto, Ctr Global Child Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. 138Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol, Iran. 139Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Ranica, Italy. 140Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 141Swinburne Univ Technol, Sch Hlth Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 142Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Vet Med, Kermanshah, Iran. 143Haramaya Univ, Sch Pharm, Harar, Ethiopia. 144London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England. 145Univ Genoa, Genoa, Italy. 146Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Dept Biomed Technol, Moscow, Russia. 147IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Evidence Based Med, Moscow, Russia. 148Employee State Insurance Post Grad Inst Med Sci &, Dept Community Med, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 149Tech Univ Berlin, Dept Hlth Care Management, Berlin, Germany. 150Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada. 151Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 152Argentine Soc Med, Board Directors, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. 153Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Hlth & Nutr Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 154Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England. 155Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Singapore, Singapore. 156Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia. 157Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia. 158Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Gondar, Ethiopia. 159Indian Council Med Res, Div Epidemiol & Communicable Dis, New Delhi, India. 160Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. 161Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 162Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Med Sch, Parkville, Vic, Australia. 163Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. 164Jimma Univ, Dept Psychiat, Jimma, Ethiopia. 165Univ Milan, Clin Dermatol, IRCCS Ist Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. 166Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Dermatol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. 167Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India. 168Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India. 169Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA USA. 170Univ Human Dev, Dept Informat Technol, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. 171Tanta Univ, Dept Pediat, Tanta, Egypt. 172Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran. 173Aga Khan Univ, Div Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan. 174Brighton & Sussex Med Sch, Dept Global Hlth & Infect, Brighton, E Sussex, England. 175Latin Amer Fac Social Sci Mexico, Dept Populat & Dev, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 176Imperial Coll London, Dept Surg & Canc, London, England. 177UCL, Ear Inst, London, England. 178Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Dept Gen Surg, Bucharest, Romania. 179Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Bogota, Colombia. 180Jimma Univ, Sch Nursing, Jimma, Ethiopia. 181St Pauls Hosp, Millennium Med Coll, Neonatal Nursing Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 182Aksum Univ, Sch Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia. 183Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 184Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Nutr & Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 185Brighton & Sussex Med Sch, Wellcome Trust Brighton & Sussex Ctr Global Hlth, Brighton, E Sussex, England. 186Haramaya Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Harar, Ethiopia. 187Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Math Demog & Stat, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 188Far Western Univ, Dept Microbiol, Mahendranagar, Nepal. 189Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 190Autonomous Univ Sinaloa, Fac Vet Med & Zootech, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico. 191Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Dev Res & Technol Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 192Univ Belgrade, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Belgrade, Serbia. 193Univ Fed Bahia, Sch Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil. 194Florida Int Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. 195Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Hlth Sci, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. 196Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Maragheh, Iran. 197John Paul II Catholic Univ Lublin, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Lublin, Poland. 198Alexandria Univ, Biomed Informat & Med Stat Dept, Alexandria, Egypt. 199Alexandria Univ, Pediat Dent & Dent Publ Hlth Dept, Alexandria, Egypt. 200Addis Ababa Univ, Ctr Food Sci & Nutr, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 201Cairo Univ, Neurophysiol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 202WHO, Hlth Informat, Tripoli, Libya. 203Cairo Univ, Endem Med & Hepatogastroentrol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 204Wolkite Univ, Dept Midwifery, Wolkite, Ethiopia. 205Univ Tehran Med Sci, Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 206Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. 207Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria. 208Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Dept Med Parasitol, Sari, Iran. 209Univ Tehran Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 210Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Tehran, Iran. 211Ardabil Univ Med Sci, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Ardebil, Iran. 212Auckland Univ Technol, Natl Inst Stroke & Appl Neurosci, Auckland, New Zealand. 213Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, Russia. 214Univ Ottawa, Div Neurol, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 215Kaiser Permanente, Psychiat Dept, Fontana, CA USA. 216Ravensburg Weingarten Univ Appl Sci, Inst Gerontol Hlth Serv & Nursing Res, Weingarten, Germany. 217Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Child Dent Hlth, Ife, Nigeria. 218Abadan Sch Med Sci, Abadan Fac Med Sci, Abadan, Iran. 219James Cook Univ, Sch Publ Hlth Med & Vet Sci, Douglas, Qld, Australia. 220Kobe Univ, Dept Dermatol, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. 221Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA. 222Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Nursing & Midwifery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 223Mekelle Univ, Dept Nursing, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 224Mekelle Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 225Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Med & Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 226Mekelle Univ, Dept Biostat, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 227Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Infect 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Markos Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. 244Mekelle Univ, Dept Med Parasitol & Entomol, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 245Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tehran, Iran. 246Arabian Gulf Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Manama, Bahrain. 247Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates. 248Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Tabriz, Iran. 249Al Azhar Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, Cairo, Egypt. 250Univ Queensland, Inst Social Sci Res, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia. 251Univ Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Children & Families Life Cours, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia. 252Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Healthcare Management, Maragheh, Iran. 253Univ Tehran Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Tehran, Iran. 254Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Microbiol, Maragheh, Iran. 255Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Tabriz, Iran. 256Univ Hosp Antwerp, Dept Primary & Interdisciplinary Care, Antwerp, Belgium. 257University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 258London South Bank Univ, Sch Business, 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Format: | article |
Version: | published version |
Access: | open |
Online Access: | PDF Full Text (PDF, 5.8 MB) |
Persistent link: | http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020081760673 |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Elsevier,
2020
|
Publish Date: | 2020-08-17 |
Description: |
AbstractBackground: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers’ understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. see all
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Series: |
The Lancet. Global health |
ISSN: | 2214-109X |
ISSN-E: | 2214-109X |
ISSN-L: | 2214-109X |
Volume: | 8 |
Issue: | 8 |
Pages: | e1038 - e1060 |
DOI: | 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8 |
OADOI: | https://oadoi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30230-8 |
Type of Publication: |
A1 Journal article – refereed |
Field of Science: |
3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health |
Subjects: | |
Funding: |
This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). |
Copyright information: |
© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |