Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 |
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Author: | Deshpande, Aniruddha1; Miller-Petrie, Molly K.1; Lindstedt, Paulina A.1; |
Organizations: |
1Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. 2Univ Tehran Med Sci, Adv Diagnost & Intervent Radiol Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 3Cairo Univ, Dept Neurol, Cairo, Egypt.
4Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Neurosci Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran.
5Near East Univ, Dept Biostat, Nicosia, Cyprus. 6Madda Walabu Univ, Dept Biostat & Hlth Informat, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. 7Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Pediat Dent, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 8Philippine Inst Dev Studies, Dept Res, Quezon City, Philippines. 9London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Dis Control, London, England. 10Fdn Sci Res FORS, Clin Res & Operat, Cotonou, Benin. 11Stellenbosch Univ, Dept Global Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa. 12Univ Coll Hosp, Coll Med, Ibadan, Nigeria. 13Olabisi Ona Banjo Univ, Dept Sociol, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria. 14Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Med Rehabil, Ife, Nigeria. 15Kings Coll London, Populat Hlth Sci, London, England. 16Stellenbosch Univ, Ctr Excellence Epidemiol Modelling & Anal, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 17Aarhus Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Aarhus, Denmark. 18Univ Southern Denmark, Nepal Hlth Frontiers, Kathmandu, Nepal. 19Univ Tehran Med Sci, Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 20Mayo Clin, Dept Dermatol, Rochester, MN USA. 21Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Policy Populat & Hlth Res, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 22Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Environm Technol Res Ctr, Ahwaz, Iran. 23Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Environm Hlth Engn, Ahwaz, Iran. 24Univ Nottingham, Lincoln Med Sch, Lincoln, England. 25Univ South Australia, Australian Ctr Precis Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 26Univ Gezira, Econ & Rural Dev Dept, Wad Madani, Sudan. 27Univ Gondar, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Gondar, Ethiopia. 28Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Kingston, RI USA. 29Mayo Clin Fdn Med Educ & Res, Evidence Based Practice Ctr, Rochester, MN USA. 30Washington Univ St Louis, John T Milliken Dept Internal Med, St Louis, MO USA. 31Dept Vet Affairs, Clin Epidemiol Ctr, St Louis, MO USA. 32Dalhousie Univ, Community Hlth & Epidemiol, Halifax, NS, Canada. 33Queensland Hlth, Prevent Div, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. 34Griffith Univ, Ctr Environm & Populat Hlth, Nathan, Qld, Australia. 35Madda Walabu Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Bale Robe, Ethiopia. 36Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Hlth Informat Management & Technol Dept, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 37Naba Hayat Fdn Med Sci & Hlth Care, Najaf, Iraq. 38Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth Syst Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 39Debre Markos Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. 40Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Publ Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 41Debre Markos Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. 42Quaid I Azam Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Islamabad, Pakistan. 43Qazvin Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Qazvin, Iran. 44Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 45Iran Univ Med Sci, Hlth Econ Dept, Tehran, Iran. 46Kuwait Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Kuwait, Kuwait. 47Natl Univ Malaysia, Int Ctr Casemix & Clin Coding, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia. 48Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Kermanshah, Iran. 49Arak Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Arak, Iran. 50Jazan Univ, Med Res Ctr, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 51Sanaa Univ, Dept Parasitol, Sanaa, Yemen. 52King Saud Univ, Pediat Intens Care Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 53Univ Cartagena, Res Grp Hlth Econ, Cartagena, Colombia. 54Univ Coast, Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies, Barranquilla, Colombia. 55Univ Coast, Dept Econ Sci, Barranquilla, Colombia. 56NIH, Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia. 57Arak Univ Med Sci, Hlth Serv Management Dept, Arak, Iran. 58Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Manila, Philippines. 59Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. 60Natl Univ Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew Sch Publ Policy, Singapore, Singapore. 61Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Cardiol Dept, Bucharest, Romania. 62Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Rafsanjan, Iran. 63Hasanuddin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Makassar, Indonesia. 64Univ Philippines Manila, Dept Hlth Policy & Adm, Manila, Philippines. 65Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Appl Social Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. 66Univ Tasmania, Menzies Inst Med Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia. 67Sebelas Maret Univ, Agribusiness Study Program, Surakarta, Indonesia. 68Ain Shams Univ, Neurol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 69Birmingham City Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Birmingham, W Midlands, England. 70Saveh Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Saveh, Iran. 71Yasuj Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Yasuj, Iran. 72Western Sydney Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia. 73Univ Sydney, Disciple Child & Adolescent Hlth, Westmead, NSW, Australia. 74Abt Associates Nepal, Monitoring Evaluat & Operat Res Project, Lalitpur, Nepal. 75Panjab Univ, Dept Anthropol, Chandigarh, India. 76Babol Univ Med Sci, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Babol, Iran. 77Iran Univ Med Sci, Prevent Med & Publ Hlth Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 78Univ Gondar, Dept Clin Chem, Gondar, Ethiopia. 79Aksum Univ, Dept Nursing, Aksum, Ethiopia. 80Zanjan Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Zanjan, Iran. 81Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Biol, Maragheh, Iran. 82Johns Hopkins Univ, Ctr Clin Global Hlth Educ, Baltimore, MD USA. 83Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Dr DY Patil Med Coll Hosp & Res Ctr, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 84Univ Leicester, Sch Business, Leicester, Leics, England. 85Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania. 86King Georges Med Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. 87Wolaita Sodo Univ, Dept Nursing, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. 88La Trobe Univ, Judith Lumley Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 89La Trobe Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 90Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia. 91Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Hlth Policy Planning & Management, Ho, Ghana. 92Debre Berhan Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. 93Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. 94Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Publ Hlth Risk Sci Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. 95Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. 96Sharif Univ Technol, Dept Chem, Tehran, Iran. 97Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Dept Forens Med & Toxicol, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 98Haramaya Univ, Dept Med Microbiol, Harar, Ethiopia. 99Med Univ Lodz, Dept Hypertens, Lodz, Poland. 100Polish Mothers Mem Hosp Res Inst, Lodz, Poland. 101Univ London, Dept Internal Med, London, England. 102Alexandria Univ, Dept Gen Med, Alexandria, Egypt. 103Clin Ctr Serbia, Clin Infect & Trop Dis, Belgrade, Serbia. 104Univ Belgrade, Fac Med, Belgrade, Serbia. 105Costa Rican Dept Social Secur, Dept Neurosci, San Jose, Costa Rica. 106Univ Costa Rica, Sch Med, San Pedro, Costa Rica. 107Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH, Heidelberg, Germany. 108Harvard Univ, TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. 109Univ Nairobi, Dept Psychiat, Nairobi, Kenya. 110Harvard Univ, Ctr Primary Care, Boston, MA USA. 111Imperial Coll London, Sch Publ & Lealth, London, England. 112Mekelle Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 113Mekelle Univ, Dept Biostat, Mekelle, Ethiopia. 114Ho Chi Minh City Univ Technol HUTECH, Fac Informat Technol, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 115Univ Adelaide, Adelaide Med Sch, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 116Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Hlth Human Resources Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran. 117Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Tabriz, Iran. 118Airlangga Univ, Dept Dent Publ Hlth, Surabaya, Indonesia. 119Gandhi Med Coll Bhopal, Dept Community Med, Bhopal, India. 120NYU, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, New York, NY USA. 121Univ Adelaide, Sch Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 122Lorestan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Khorramabad, Iran. 123Lorestan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Khorramabad, Iran. 124Univ Nairobi, Open Distance & eLearning Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. 125Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 126Boston Univ, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA USA. 127El Bosque Univ, Dept Med, Bogota, Colombia. 128Univ Hosp Fdn Santa Fe Bogota, Transplant Serv, Bogota, Colombia. 129Yale Univ, Sch Environm, New Haven, CT USA. 130Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England. 131NYU, Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, New York, NY USA. 132Univ Warwick, Med Sch, Coventry, W Midlands, England. 133Arba Minch Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. 134Emory Univ, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. 135Univ Massachusetts, Div Gen Internal Med, Sch Med, Springfield, MA USA. 136Natl Inst Biomed Genom, Dept Stat & Computat Genom, Kalyani, W Bengal, India. 137Univ Calcutta, Dept Stat, Kolkata, India. 138George Inst Global Hlth, Injury Div, New Delhi, India. 139Univ New South Wales, George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 140Univ Toronto, Ctr Global Child Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. 141Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women & Child & Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan. 142Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol, Iran. 143Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Ranica, Italy. 144Australian Natl Univ, Natl Ctr Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia. 145Univ Dhaka, Dept Clin Pharm & Pharmacol, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 146Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety TARS Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 147Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Vet Med, Kermanshah, Iran. 148London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England. 149Bauman Moscow State Tech Univ, Dept Biomed Technol, Moscow, Russia. 150IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Evidence Based Med, Moscow, Russia. 151Inst Sci Res & High Technol Serv, Neurosci Unit, Panama City, Panama. 152Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama. 153Employee State Insurance Post Grad Inst Med Sci &, Dept Community Med, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 154Univ Waterloo, Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Syst, Waterloo, ON, Canada. 155Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al Shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 156Ohio Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Zanesville, OH USA. 157Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Internal Med Dept, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. 158Argentine Soc Med, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. 159Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Hlth & Nutr Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 160Univ Valley Cuernavaca, Sch Med, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 161Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England. 162Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Singapore, Singapore. 163Metropolitan Autonomous Univ, Dept Hlth Care, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 164Univ Porto, Res Unit Appl Mol Biosci UCIBIO, Porto, Portugal. 165NIH, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia. 166Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia. 167Australian Catholic Univ, Mary MacKillop Inst Hlth Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 168Univ Hong Kong, Sch Publ Hlth, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. 169Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Int Dev & Cooperat, Hiroshima, Japan. 170Univ Baghdad, Dept Community & Family Med, Baghdad, Iraq. 171Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada. 172Monash Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 173Univ Melbourne, Melbourne Med Sch, Parkville, Vic, Australia. 174Christian Med Coll & Hosp CMC, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. 175Hanoi Natl Univ Educ, Fac Biol, Hanoi, Vietnam. 176Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Metr Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. 177Univ Gondar, Inst Publ Hlth, Gondar, Ethiopia. 178Flinders Univ S Australia, Discipline Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 179Addis Ababa Univ, Dept Psychiat, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 180Ahmadu Bello Univ, Dept Community Med, Zaria, Nigeria. 181Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Environm Hlth Dept, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 182Publ Hlth Fdn India, Gurugram, India. 183Indian Council Med Res, New Delhi, India. 184Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam. 185Univ Human Dev, Dept Informat Technol, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. 186Tanta Univ, Dept Pediat, Tanta, Egypt. 187Univ Bucharest, Adm & Econ Sci Dept, Bucharest, Romania. 188Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Toxoplasmosis Res Ctr, Sari, Iran. 189Aga Khan Univ, Div Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan. 190Univ South Carolina, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC USA. 191BRAC Univ, James P Grant Sch Publ Hlth, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 192Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Dept Prevent Cardiol, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. 193Mahatma Gandhi Univ Med Sci, Dept Med, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. 194Cent Univ Tami Nadu, Thiruvarur, India. 195Latin Amer Fac Social Sci Mexico, Dept Populat & Dev, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 196Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Bogota, Colombia. 197Univ Nairobi, Sch Econ, Nairobi, Kenya. 198Wollega Univ, Dept Nursing, Nekemte, Ethiopia. 199St Pauls Hosp Millennium Med Coll, Neonatal Nursing Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 200Ambo Univ, Ambo, Ethiopia. 201Aksum Univ, Sch Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia. 202Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Nutr & Hlth Res, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. 203Brighton & Sussex Med Sch, Wellcome Trust Brighton & Sussex Ctr Global Hlth, Brighton, E Sussex, England. 204Addis Ababa Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 205Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol, Dept Prevent & Evaluat, Bremen, Germany. 206Haramaya Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Harare, Zimbabwe. 207Univ Peradeniya, Dept Community Med, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 208Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Math Demog & Stat, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. 209Nepal Hlth Res Council, Hlth Res Sect, Kathmandu, Nepal. 210Far Western Univ, Dept Microbiol, Mahendranagar, Nepal. 211Populat Council, Dept Poverty Gender & Youth, New Delhi, India. 212RD Gardi Med Coll, Dept Pediat, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. 213Int Inst Hlth Management Res, New Delhi, India. 214Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Complex Sci, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. 215Autonomous Univ Sinaloa, Fac Vet Med & Zootech, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico. 216Univ Ibadan, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Ibadan, Nigeria. 217Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England. 218Mahidol Oxford Trop Med Res Unit, Bangkok, Thailand. 219Western Sydney Univ, Sch Med, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 220RMIT Univ, Hlth Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. 221Natl Inst Hlth Islamabad, Field Epidemiol & Lab Training Program, Islamabad, Pakistan. 222Univ Belgrade, Inst Microbiol & Immunol, Belgrade, Serbia. 223Univ Nairobi, Courseware Dev & Prod, Nairobi, Kenya. 224Univ Fed Bahia, Sch Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil. 225Escola Bahiana Med & Saude Publ, Dept Internal Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil. 226Univ Sains Malaysia, Sch Hlth Sci, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. 227Univ Newcastle, Ctr Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. 228Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Maragheh, Iran. 229John Paul II Catholic Univ Lublin, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Lublin, Poland. 230Mansoura Univ, Dept Clin Pathol, Mansoura, Egypt. 231Alexandria Univ, Pediat Dent & Dent Publ Hlth Dept, Alexandria, Egypt. 232Cairo Univ, Neurophysiol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 233World Hlth, Univ Quebec Abitibi Tem Temiscamingue, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. 234Tripoli Univ, Dept Community Med, Tripoli, Libya. 235WHO, Hlth Informat, Tripoli, Libya. 236Cairo Univ, Endem Med & Hepatogastroentrol Dept, Cairo, Egypt. 237Suez Canal Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ismailia, Egypt. 238Wolkite Univ, Dept Midwifery, Wolkite, Ethiopia. 239Univ Tehran Med Sci, Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. 240Natl Canc Inst, Div Canc Epidemiol & 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Format: | article |
Version: | published version |
Access: | open |
Online Access: | PDF Full Text (PDF, 7.1 MB) |
Persistent link: | http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020110989717 |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Elsevier,
2020
|
Publish Date: | 2020-11-09 |
Description: |
AbstractBackground: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. see all
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Series: |
The Lancet. Global health |
ISSN: | 2214-109X |
ISSN-E: | 2214-109X |
ISSN-L: | 2214-109X |
Volume: | 8 |
Issue: | 9 |
Pages: | e1162 - e1185 |
DOI: | 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30278-3 |
OADOI: | https://oadoi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30278-3 |
Type of Publication: |
A1 Journal article – refereed |
Field of Science: |
3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health |
Subjects: | |
Funding: |
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
Copyright information: |
© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |