Abstract

The weakness of the population matrix models is that they do not take into account the variation inside the class. In this study, we introduce an approach to add height variation of the trees to the diameter-structured matrix models. In this approach, a new sub-model that describes the height growth of the trees is included in the diameter-structured model. We used this height- and diameter-structured matrix model to maximize the net present value (NPV) for the remaining part of the ongoing rotation for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand and studied how the height variation affects to the results obtained through stand-level optimization. In the optimization, the height variation was taken into account by setting the lower saw-log price for the short trees. The results show that including the height variation into the optimization reduced the financial outcome by 16–18% and considerably changed the structure of optimal management (e.g., timings for thinnings, rotation period and intensity of thinnings). We introduced an approach that can be applied to include not only height variation but also variation of other tree properties (such as branchiness or the amount of heartwood and sapwood) into the matrix models.