University of Oulu

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)., Taddei, C., Zhou, B. et al. Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature 582, 73–77 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

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Author: Taddei, Cristina1; Zhou, Bin1; Bixby, Honor1;
Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.1; Danaei, Goodarz2; Jackson, Rod T.3; Farzadfar, Farshad4; Sophiea, Marisa K.1; Di Cesare, Mariachiara5; Iurilli, Maria Laura Caminia1; Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez1; Asghari, Golaleh6; Dhana, Klodian7; Gulayin, Pablo8; Kakarmath, Sujay9; Santero, Marilina8; Voortman, Trudy10; Riley, Leanne M.11; Cowan, Melanie J.11; Savin, Stefan11; Bennett, James E.1; Stevens, Gretchen A.1; Paciorek, Christopher J.12; Aekplakorn, Wichai13; Cifkova, Renata14,15; Giampaoli, Simona16; Kengne, Andre Pascal17; Khang, Young-Ho18; Kuulasmaa, Kari19; Laxmaiah, Avula20; Margozzini, Paula21; Mathur, Prashant22; Nordestgaard, Borge G.23; Zhao, Dong24; Aadahl, Mette25; Abarca-Gomez, Leandra26; Rahim, Hanan Abdul27; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.28; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin29; Adams, Robert J.30; Agdeppa, Imelda A.31; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad32; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.33; Agyemang, Charles34; Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S.35; Ahmad, Noor Ani36; Ahmadi, Ali37; Ahmadi, Naser4; Ahmed, Soheir H.38; Ahrens, Wolfgang39; Ajlouni, Kamel40; Alarouj, Monira41; AlBuhairan, Fadia42; AlDhukair, Shahla43; Ali, Mohamed M.11; Alkandari, Abdullah41; Alkerwi, Ala'a44; Aly, Eman45; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.46; Amouyel, Philippe47,48; Andersen, Lars Bo49; Anderssen, Sigmund A.50; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan51; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza52; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer53; Araujo, Joana54; Ariansen, Inger55; Aris, Tahir36; Arku, Raphael E.56; Arlappa, Nimmathota20; Aryal, Krishna K.57; Aspelund, Thor58; Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F.59; Auvinen, Juha60,61; Avdicova, Maria62; Azevedo, Ana63; Azizi, Fereidoun64; Azmin, Mehrdad4; Balakrishna, Nagalla20; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed65; Banach, Maciej6; Bandosz, Piotr66; Banegas, Jose R.67; Barbagallo, Carlo M.68; Barcelo, Alberto69; Barkat, Amina70; Bata, Iqbal71; Batieha, Anwar M.72; Batyrbek, Assembekov73; Baur, Louise A.74; Beaglehole, Robert3; Belavendra, Antonisamy75; Ben Romdhane, Habiba76; Benet, Mikhail77; Benn, Marianne23; Berkinbayev, Salim78; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio79; Bernotiene, Gailute80; Bettiol, Heloisa81; Bhargava, Santosh K.82; Bi, Yufang83; Bienek, Asako84; Bikbov, Mukharram85; Bista, Bihungum86; Bjerregaard, Peter87; Bjertness, Espen38; Bjertness, Marius B.38; Bjorkelund, Cecilia88; Bloch, Katia, V89; Blokstra, Anneke90; Bo, Simona91; Boehm, Bernhard O.92; Boggia, Jose G.93; Boissonnet, Carlos P.94; Bonaccio, Marialaura95; Bongard, Vanina96; Borchini, Rossana97; Borghs, Herman98; Bovet, Pascal99,100; Brajkovich, Imperia101; Breckenkamp, Juergen102; Brenner, Hermann103; Brewster, Lizzy M.34; Bruno, Graziella91; Bugge, Anna104; Busch, Markus A.105; de Leon, Antonio Cabrera106; Cacciottolo, Joseph107; Can, Gunay108; Candido, Ana Paula C.109; Capanzana, Mario, V31; Capuano, Eduardo110; Capuano, Vincenzo110; Cardoso, Viviane C.81; Carvalho, Joana111; Casanueva, Felipe F.112; Censi, Laura113; Chadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A.114; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha115; Chaturvedi, Nish116; Chen, Chien-Jen117; Chen, Fangfang118; Chen, Shuohua119; Cheng, Ching-Yu120; Cheraghian, Bahman121; Chetrit, Angela122; Chiou, Shu-Ti123; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores124; Cho, Belong125; Cho, Yumi126; Chudek, Jerzy127; Claessens, Frank128; Clarke, Janine129; Clays, Els130; Concin, Hans131; Confortin, Susana C.132; Cooper, Cyrus133; Costanzo, Simona95; Cottel, Dominique134; Cowell, Chris74; Crujeiras, Ana B.135; Csilla, Semanova136; Cui, Liufu119; Cureau, Felipe, V137; D'Arrigo, Graziella138; d'Orsi, Eleonora139; Dallongeville, Jean134; Damasceno, Albertino140; Dankner, Rachel122; Dantoft, Thomas M.25; Dauchet, Luc47,48; Davletov, Kairat73; De Backer, Guy130; De Bacquer, Dirk130; de Gaetano, Giovanni95; De Henauw, Stefaan130; de Oliveira, Paula Duarte59; De Ridder, David141; De Smedt, Delphine130; Deepa, Mohan51; Deev, Alexander D.142; Dehghan, Abbas1; Delisle, Helene143; Dennison, Elaine133; Deschamps, Valerie144; Dhimal, Meghnath86; Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F.145; Dika, Zivka146; Djalalinia, Shirin147; Dobson, Annette J.148; Donfrancesco, Chiara16; Donoso, Silvana P.149; Doring, Angela150; Dorobantu, Maria151; Dragano, Nico152; Drygas, Wojciech6,153; Du, Yong105; Duante, Charmaine A.31; Duda, Rosemary B.154; Dzerve, Vilnis155; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta6; Eddie, Ricky156; Eftekhar, Ebrahim157; Eggertsen, Robert88; Eghtesad, Sareh4; Eiben, Gabriele158; Ekelund, Ulf50; El Ati, Jalila159; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise160; Eliasen, Marie25; Elosua, Roberto161; Erasmus, Rajiv T.162; Erbel, Raimund163; Erem, Cihangir164; Eriksen, Louise87; Eriksson, Johan G.165; Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge29; Eslami, Saeid166; Esmaeili, Ali167; Evans, Alun168; Faeh, David169; Fall, Caroline H.133; Faramarzi, Elnaz170; Farjam, Mojtaba171; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza172; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.173; Ferguson, Trevor S.160; Fernandez-Berges, Daniel174; Ferrante, Daniel175; Ferrari, Marika113; Ferreccio, Catterina21; Ferrieres, Jean96; Foger, Bernhard131; Foo, Leng Huat176; Forslund, Ann-Sofie177; Forsner, Maria177; Fouad, Heba M.45; Francis, Damian K.160; Franco, Maria do Carmo178; Franco, Oscar H.10; 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Organizations: 1Imperial Coll London, London, England.
2Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA.
3Univ Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
4Univ Tehran Med Sci, Tehran, Iran.
5Middlesex Univ, London, England.
6Med Univ Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
7Rush Univ, Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
8Inst Clin Effectiveness & Hlth Policy, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
9Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
10Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
11WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
12Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
13Mahidol Univ, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
14Charles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
15Thomayer Hosp, Prague, Czech Republic.
16Ist Super Sanita, Rome, Italy.
17South African Med Res Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
18Seoul Natl Univ, Seoul, South Korea.
19Finnish Inst Hlth & Welf, Helsinki, Finland.
20ICMR Natl Inst Nutr, Hyderabad, India.
21Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, Chile.
22ICMR Natl Ctr Dis Informat & Res, Bengaluru, India.
23Copenhagen Univ Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark.
24Capital Med Univ, Beijing An Zhen Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China.
25Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark.
26Caja Costarricense Seguro Social, San Jose, Costa Rica.
27Qatar Univ, Doha, Qatar.
28Birzeit Univ, Birzeit, Palestine.
29Inst Mexicano Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
30Flinders Univ S Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
31Food & Nutr Res Inst, Taguig, Philippines.
32Urmia Univ Med Sci, Orumiyeh, Iran.
33Inst Nacl Ciencias Med & Nutr Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
34Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
35Steno Diabet Ctr Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
36Minist Hlth Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
37Shahrekord Univ Med Sci, Shahrekord, Iran.
38Univ Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
39Univ Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
40Natl Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Genet, Amman, Jordan.
41Dasman Diabet Inst, Kuwait, Kuwait.
42Aldara Hosp & Med Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
43King Abdullah Int Med Res Ctr, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
44Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Strassen, Luxembourg.
45WHO Reg Off Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt.
46Bombay Hosp & Med Res Ctr, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
47Univ Lille, Lille, France.
48Lille Univ Hosp, Lille, France.
49Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Sogndal, Norway.
50Norwegian Sch Sport Sci, Oslo, Norway.
51Madras Diabet Res Fdn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
52Zahedan Univ Med Sci, Zahedan, Iran.
53Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Tunis, Tunisia.
54Univ Porto, Inst Publ Hlth, Porto, Portugal.
55Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway.
56Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
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58Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
59Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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62Reg Author Publ Hlth, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.
63Univ Porto, Med Sch, Porto, Portugal.
64Res Inst Endocrine Sci, Tehran, Iran.
65Univ Sci & Technol, Sanaa, Yemen.
66Med Univ Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
67Univ Autonoma Madrid, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.
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69Pan Amer Hlth Org, Washington, DC USA.
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77Cafam Univ Fdn, Bogota, Colombia.
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80Lithuanian Univ Hlth Sci, Kaunas, Lithuania.
81Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
82Sunder Lal Jain Hosp, Delhi, India.
83Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
84Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
85Ufa Eye Res Inst, Ufa, Russia.
86Nepal Hlth Res Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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88Univ Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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91Univ Turin, Turin, Italy.
92Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore.
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94Ctr Educ Med & Invest Clin, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
95IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
96Toulouse Univ, Sch Med, Toulouse, France.
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102Bielefeld Univ, Bielefeld, Germany.
103German Canc Res Ctr, Heidelberg, Germany.
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105Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany.
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107Univ Malta, Msida, Malta.
108Istanbul Univ Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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110Gaetano Fucito Hosp, Mercato San Severino, Italy.
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115Dr Ramachandrans Diabet Hosp, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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125Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea.
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128Katholieke Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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135CIBEROBN, Madrid, Spain.
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147Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran.
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150Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany.
151Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm, Bucharest, Romania.
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153Natl Inst Cardiol, Warsaw, Poland.
154Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
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156Minist Hlth & Med Serv, Gizo, Solomon Islands.
157Hormozgan Univ Med Sci, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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159Natl Inst Nutr & Food Technol, Tunis, Tunisia.
160Univ West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
161Inst Hosp del Mar Invest Med, Barcelona, Spain.
162Univ Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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164Karadeniz Tech Univ, Trabzon, Turkey.
165Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
166Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
167Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci, Rafsanjan, Iran.
168Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland.
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170Tabriz Univ Med Sci, Tabriz, Iran.
171Fasa Univ Med Sci, Fasa, Iran.
172Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Shiraz, Iran.
173Ctr Salud Villanueva Norte, Badajoz, Spain.
174Serv Extremeno Salud, Badajoz, Spain.
175Minist Hlth, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
176Univ Sains Malaysia, Kota Baharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
177Umea Univ, Umea, Sweden.
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179Hosp Univ Son Espases, Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
180Kindai Univ, Osaka, Japan.
181Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan.
182Med Univ Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
183Univ Catania, Catania, Italy.
184CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Alicante, Spain.
185CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Barcelona, Spain.
186Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
187Wageningen Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands.
188BP Koirala Inst Hlth Sci, Dharan, Nepal.
189Univ Insubria, Varese, Italy.
190Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
191Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden.
192McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
193Univ Politecn Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
194St Annes Univ Hosp, Brno, Czech Republic.
195Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
196Ctr Estudios Diabet AC, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
197Univ Autonoma Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep.
198Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Krakow, Poland.
199Univ Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
200Natl Ctr Cardiovasc Dis, Beijing, Peoples R China.
201Singapore Eye Res Inst, Singapore, Singapore.
202Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland.
203Univ ICESI, Cali, Colombia.
204Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
205Natl Hlth Insurance Serv, Wonju, South Korea.
206Prevent Metab Disorders Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.
207Univ West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.
208Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, Kermanshah, Iran.
209Univ Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
210Kyushu Univ, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan.
211Univ Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
212Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
213Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China.
214Joep Lange Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
215Chron Dis Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.
216Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
217Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
218Univ Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
219Kingston Hlth Sci Ctr, Kingston, ON, Canada.
220Heart Inst, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
221Fdn Oftalmol Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
222Univ Oran 1, Oran, Algeria.
223Minist Hlth & Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
224CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ, Murcia, Spain.
225Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
226Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France.
227Amer Univ Beirut, Lebanon, NH USA.
228Cairo Univ, Cairo, Egypt.
229Univ Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
230Natl Inst Biomed Innovat Hlth & Nutr, Tokyo, Japan.
231Med Univ Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
232Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
233Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
234Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan.
235Hadassah Univ Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel.
236Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Trondheim, Norway.
237Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
238Univ Hosp Ctr Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
239Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb, Croatia.
240Heart Fdn, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
241Guangzhou 12th Hosp, Guangzhou, Peoples R China.
242Univ Eugenio Maria Hostos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep.
243Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
244Heidelberg Univ, Heidelberg, Germany.
245WHO Country Off, Delhi, India.
246Guilan Univ Med Sci, Rasht, Iran.
247Univ Opole, Opole, Poland.
248Univ Crete, Iraklion, Greece.
249Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
250Maharajgunj Med Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal.
251Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA.
252Natl Inst Epidemiol, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
253Univ Munster, Munster, Germany.
254Res Inst Primordial Prevent Noncommunicable Dis, Esfahan, Iran.
255Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
256Res Inst Child Nutr, Dortmund, Germany.
257Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran.
258Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, Sari, Iran.
259Hypertens Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran.
260Med Univ Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
261Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
262Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Seoul, South Korea.
263Natl Canc Ctr, Goyang Si, South Korea.
264Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
265Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
266Oulu Deaconess Inst Fdn, Oulu, Finland.
267Tartu Univ Clin, Tartu, Estonia.
268Kansai Med Univ, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
269Minist Hlth & Qual Life, Port Louis, Mauritius.
270Univ Hosp Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
271Univ Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
272Univ Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
273African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya.
274Higher Inst Hlth Sci Settat, Settat, Morocco.
275Minist Hlth, Algiers, Algeria.
276Harokopio Univ, Athens, Greece.
277Inst Clin & Expt Med, Prague, Czech Republic.
278Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden.
279Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran.
280Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar.
281Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
282Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland.
283Tampere Univ, Tampere, Finland.
284Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
285West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
286Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rene Rachou Res Inst, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
287Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan.
288Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
289Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden.
290Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia.
291Univ San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.
292Consejeria Sanidad Junta Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain.
293Norrbotten Cty Council, Lulea, Sweden.
294Peking Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China.
295Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
296Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
297Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan.
298Inst Neurosci Natl Res Council, Padua, Italy.
299Baker Heart & Diabet Inst, Victoria, Australia.
300Agr Univ Athens, Athens, Greece.
301French Natl Res Inst Sustainable Dev, Montpellier, France.
302Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
303Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
304Univ Padua, Padua, Italy.
305Lausanne Univ Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland.
306Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
307Univ Estadual Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil.
308UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway.
309Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa.
310Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
311Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
312Univ Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
313Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Yazd, Iran.
314Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Lille, France.
315ICMR Natl Inst Med Stat, New Delhi, India.
316Lusofona Univ, Lisbon, Portugal.
317Womens Social & Hlth Studies Fdn, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
318Univ Firenze, Florence, Italy.
319Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt.
320Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran.
321Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
322Strasbourg Univ Hosp, Strasbourg, France.
323Univ Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
324Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda.
325Univ Med Sci Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba.
326Royal Coll Surg Ireland Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
327La Trobe Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
328Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland.
329Inst Conmemorat Gorgas Estudios Salud, Panama City, Panama.
330WHO Country Off, Lilongwe, Malawi.
331Univ Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
332Bushehr Univ Med Sci, Bushehr, Iran.
333Ulm Univ, Ulm, Germany.
334Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
335Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
336Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
337Univ Med & Pharm Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
338Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam.
339Miami Vet Affairs Healthcare Syst, Miami, FL USA.
340Univ Turku, Turku, Finland.
341Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan.
342Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England.
343Japan Wildlife Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan.
344Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey.
345Minist Hlth, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
346Univ Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
347MRC Lifecourse Epidemiol Unit, Southampton, Hants, England.
348Univ Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
349Kwame Nkrumah Univ Sci & Technol, Kumasi, Ghana.
350Inst Social & Prevent Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
351IRCCS Ente Osped Specializzato Gastroenterol S de, Bari, Italy.
352Jivandeep Hosp, Anand, Gujarat, India.
353South African Med Res Council, Durban, South Africa.
354Vietnam Natl Heart Inst, Hanoi, Vietnam.
355Clin Med Avanzada Dr Abel Gonzalez, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep.
356Leibniz Inst Prevent Res & Epidemiol BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
357Univ Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg.
358Cardiovasc Prevent Ctr, Udine, Italy.
359Publ Hlth Agcy Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
360Observ Salud Publ Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
361Ardabil Univ Med Sci, Ardebil, Iran.
362Alborz Univ Med Sci, Karaj, Iran.
363Minist Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam.
364India Diabet Res Fdn, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
365Inst Univ Invest Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Girona, Spain.
366Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
367Univ Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
368Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
369Univ Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
370Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
371CS S Agustin Ibsalut, Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
372Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
373Canarian Hlth Serv, Tenerife, Spain.
374Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
375Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy.
376Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Gothenburg, Sweden.
377Toulouse Univ Hosp, Toulouse, France.
378CNR, Inst Food Sci, Avellino, Italy.
379Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, New Delhi, India.
380Fac Med Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
381Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru.
382Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain.
383Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
384South Karelia Social & Hlth Care Dist, Lappeenranta, Finland.
385Cardiovasc Res Inst, Esfahan, Iran.
386Natl Canc Ctr, Tokyo, Japan.
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407Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Format: article
Version: published version
Access: open
Online Access: PDF Full Text (PDF, 13.2 MB)
Persistent link: http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2020120399323
Language: English
Published: Springer Nature, 2020
Publish Date: 2020-12-03
Description:

Abstract

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world³ and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.

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Series: Nature
ISSN: 0028-0836
ISSN-E: 1476-4687
ISSN-L: 0028-0836
Volume: 582
Issue: 7810
Pages: 73 - 77
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
OADOI: https://oadoi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
Type of Publication: A1 Journal article – refereed
Field of Science: 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
3141 Health care science
Subjects:
Funding: This study was funded by a Wellcome Trust (Biomedical Resource & Multi-User Equipment grant 01506/Z/13/Z) and the British Heart Foundation (Centre of Research Excellence grant RE/18/4/34215). C.T. was supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship (203616/Z/16/Z). The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.
Copyright information: © 2020 The Author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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