Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

JultikaUniversity of Oulu repository

	Iurilli, M. L., Zhou, B., Bennett, J. E., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Sophiea, M. K., Rodriguez-Martinez, A., Bixby, H., Solomon, B. D., Taddei, C., Danaei, G., Di Cesare, M., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., Savin, S., Cowan, M. J., Bovet, P., Damasceno, A., Chirita-Emandi, A., … Filippi, S. (2021). Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight. ELife, 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.60060 Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight Saved in:
Author:	NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
Format:	article
Version:	published version
Access:	open
Online Access:	PDF Full Text (PDF, 5 MB)
Persistent link:	http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2021092447129
Language:	English
Published:	eLife Sciences Publications, 2021
Publish Date:	2021-10-08
Description:	Abstract From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions. see all  NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Iurilli, Maria L. C.¹ Zhou, Bin¹ Bennett, James E.¹ Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.¹ Sophiea, Marisa K.¹ Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea¹ Bixby, Honor¹ Solomon, Bethlehem D.¹ Taddei, Cristina¹ Danaei, Goodarz² Di Cesare, Mariachiara³ Stevens, Gretchen A. Riley, Leanne M.⁴ Savin, Stefan⁴ Cowan, Melanie J.⁴ Bovet, Pascal^5,6 Damasceno, Albertino⁷ Chirita-Emandi, Adela⁸ Hayes, Alison J.⁹ Ikeda, Nayu¹⁰ Jackson, Rod T.¹¹ Khang, Young-Ho¹² Laxmaiah, Avula¹³ Liu, Jing¹⁴ Miranda, J. Jaime¹⁵ Saidi, Olfa¹⁶ Sebert, Sylvain¹⁷ Soric, Maroje¹⁸ Starc, Gregor¹⁹ Gregg, Edward W.¹ Abarca-Gomez, Leandra²⁰ Abdeen, Ziad A.²¹ Abdrakhmanova, Shynar²² Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul²³ Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul²⁴ Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.²⁵ Garba, Jamila Abubakar²⁶ Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin²⁷ Adams, Robert J.²⁸ Aekplakorn, Wichai²⁹ Afsana, Kaosar³⁰ Afzal, Shoaib³¹ Agdeppa, Imelda A.³² Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad³³ Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.³⁴ Agyemang, Charles³⁵ Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan²³ Ahmad, Noor Ani²³ Ahmadi, Ali³⁶ Ahmadi, Naser³⁷ Ahmed, Soheir H.³⁸ Ahrens, Wolfgang³⁹ Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira⁴⁰ Ajlouni, Kamel⁴¹ Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M.⁴² Al-Lahou, Badreya⁴³ Al-Raddadi, Rajaa⁴⁴ Alarouj, Monira⁴⁵ AlBuhairan, Fadia⁴⁶ AlDhukair, Shahla⁴⁷ Ali, Mohamed M.⁴ Alkandari, Abdullah⁴⁵ Alkerwi, Ala’a^48,49 Allin, Kristine⁵⁰ Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar⁵¹ Aly, Eman⁵² Amarapurkar, Deepak N.⁵³ Amiri, Parisa⁵⁴ Amougou, Norbert⁵⁵ Amouyel, Philippe^56,57 Andersen, Lars Bo⁵⁸ Anderssen, Sigmund A.⁵⁹ Angquist, Lars³¹ Anjana, Ranjit Mohan⁶⁰ Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza⁶¹ Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer⁶² Araujo, Joana⁶³ Ariansen, Inger⁶⁴ Aris, Tahir²³ Arku, Raphael E.⁶⁵ Arlappa, Nimmathota¹³ Aryal, Krishna K.⁶⁶ Aspelund, Thor⁶⁷ Assah, Felix K.⁶⁸ Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F.⁶⁹ Aung, May Soe⁷⁰ Auvinen, Juha¹⁷ Avdicova, Maria⁷¹ Avi, Shina^72,73 Azevedo, Ana⁷⁴ Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen⁷⁵ Azizi, Fereidoun⁷⁶ Azmin, Mehrdad³⁷ Babu, Bontha, V⁷⁷ Jorgensen, Maja Boksgaard⁷⁸ Baharudin, Azli²³ Bahijri, Suhad⁴⁴ Baker, Jennifer L.⁵⁰ Balakrishna, Nagalla¹³ Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed⁷⁹ Banach, Maciej⁸⁰ Bandosz, Piotr⁸¹ Banegas, Jose R.⁸² Baran, Joanna⁸³ Barbagallo, Carlo M.⁸⁴ Barcelo, Alberto⁸⁵ Barkat, Amina⁸⁶ Barros, Aluisio Jd⁶⁹ Gomes Barros, Mauro Virgilio⁸⁷ Basit, Abdul⁸⁸ Bastos, Joao Luiz D.⁸⁹ Bata, Iqbal⁹⁰ Batieha, Anwar M.⁹¹ Batista, Rosangela L.⁹² Battakova, Zhamilya²² Batyrbek, Assembekov⁹³ Baur, Louise A.⁹ Beaglehole, Robert¹¹ Bel-Serrat, Silvia⁹⁴ Belavendra, Antonisamy⁹⁵ Ben Romdhane, Habiba¹⁶ Benedics, Judith⁹⁶ Benet, Mikhail⁹⁷ Bergh, Ingunn Holden⁶⁴ Berkinbayev, Salim⁹⁸ Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio¹⁵ Bernotiene, Gailute⁹⁹ Bettiol, Heloisa^100,101 Bezerra, Jorge⁸⁷ Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor¹⁰² Bharadwaj, Sumit¹⁰³ Bhargava, Santosh K.¹⁰⁴ Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.¹⁰⁵ Bi, Hongsheng¹⁰⁶ Bi, Yufang¹⁰⁷ Bia, Daniel¹⁰⁸ Lele, Elysee Claude Bika¹⁰⁹ Bikbov, Mukharram M.¹¹⁰ Bista, Bihungum¹¹¹ Bjelica, Dusko J.¹¹² Bjerregaard, Peter¹¹³ Bjertness, Espen³⁸ Bjertness, Marius B.³⁸ Bjorkelund, Cecilia¹¹⁴ Bloch, Katia, V¹¹⁵ Blokstra, Anneke¹¹⁶ Bo, Simona¹¹⁷ Bobak, Martin¹¹⁸ Boddy, Lynne M.¹¹⁹ Boehm, Bernhard O.¹²⁰ Boeing, Heiner¹²¹ Boggia, Jose G.¹⁰⁸ Bogova, Elena¹²² Boissonnet, Carlos P.¹²³ Bojesen, Stig E.¹²⁴ Bonaccio, Marialaura¹²⁵ Bongard, Vanina¹²⁶ Bonilla-Vargas, Alice²⁰ Bopp, Matthias¹²⁷ Borghs, Herman¹²⁸ Braeckevelt, Lien¹²⁹ Braeckman, Lutgart¹³⁰ Bragt, Marjolijn C. E.¹³¹ Brajkovich, Imperia¹³² Branca, Francesco⁴ Breckenkamp, Juergen¹³³ Breda, Joao¹³⁴ Brenner, Hermann¹³⁵ Brewster, Lizzy M.³⁵ Brian, Garry R.¹³⁶ Brinduse, Lacramioara¹³⁷ Brophy, Sinead¹³⁸ Bruno, Graziella¹¹⁷ Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas¹¹⁶ Bugge, Anna¹³⁹ Buoncristiano, Marta¹³⁴ Burazeri, Genc¹⁴⁰ Burns, Con¹⁴¹ Cabrera de Leon, Antonio¹⁴² Cacciottolo, Joseph¹⁴³ Cai, Hui¹⁴⁴ Cama, Tilema¹⁴⁵ Cameron, Christine¹⁴⁶ Camolas, Jose¹⁴⁷ Can, Gunay¹⁴⁸ Candido, Ana Paula C.¹⁴⁹ Canete, Felicia¹⁵⁰ Capanzana, Mario, V³² Capkova, Nadezda¹⁵¹ Capuano, Eduardo⁴⁹ Capuano, Vincenzo⁴⁹ Cardol, Marloes¹⁵² Cardoso, Viviane C.^100,101 Carlsson, Axel C.¹⁵³ Carmuega, Esteban¹⁵⁴ Carvalho, Joana¹⁵⁵ Casajus, Jose A.¹⁵⁶ Casanueva, Felipe F.¹⁵⁷ Celikcan, Ertugrul¹⁵⁸ Censi, Laura¹⁵⁹ Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin²⁰ Cesar, Juraci A.¹⁶⁰ Chamukuttan, Snehalatha¹⁶¹ Chan, Angelique W.¹⁶² Chan, Queenie¹ Chaturvedi, Himanshu K.¹⁶³ Chaturvedi, Nish¹¹⁸ Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul²³ Chee, Miao Li¹⁶⁴ Chen, Chien-Jen¹⁶⁵ Chen, Fangfang¹⁶⁶ Chen, Huashuai¹⁶⁷ Chen, Shuohua¹⁶⁸ Chen, Zhengming¹⁶⁹ Cheng, Ching-Yu¹⁶² Cheraghian, Bahman¹⁷⁰ Chetrit, Angela¹⁷¹ Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina¹⁷² Chiolero, Arnaud¹⁷³ Chiou, Shu-Ti¹⁷⁴ Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores¹⁷⁵ Cho, Belong¹² Christensen, Kaare¹⁷⁶ Christofaro, Diego G.¹⁷⁷ Chudek, Jerzy¹⁷⁸ Cifkova, Renata¹⁷⁹ Cilia, Michelle¹⁸⁰ Cinteza, Eliza¹⁸¹ Claessens, Frank¹⁸² Clarke, Janine¹⁸³ Clays, Els¹³⁰ Cohen, Emmanuel¹⁸⁴ Concin, Hans¹⁸⁵ Confortin, Susana C.⁹² Cooper, Cyrus¹⁸⁶ Coppinger, Tara C.¹⁴¹ Corpeleijn, Eva¹⁵² Costanzo, Simona¹²⁵ Cottel, Dominique¹⁸⁷ Cowell, Chris⁹ Craig, Cora L.¹⁴⁶ Crampin, Amelia C.¹⁸⁸ Crujeiras, Ana B.¹⁸⁹ Csilla, Semanova¹⁹⁰ Cucu, Alexandra M.¹⁹¹ Cui, Liufu¹⁶⁸ Cureau, Felipe, V¹⁹² Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina⁸³ D’Arrigo, Graziella¹⁹³ D’Orsi, Eleonora⁸⁹ Dacica, Liliana¹⁹⁴ Dal Re Saavedra, Maria Angeles¹⁹⁵ Dallongeville, Jean¹⁸⁷ Damsgaard, Camilla T.³¹ Dankner, Rachel¹⁷¹ Dantoft, Thomas M.⁵⁰ Dasgupta, Parasmani¹⁹⁶ Dastgiri, Saeed¹⁹⁷ Dauchet, Luc^56,57 Davletov, Kairat⁹³ De Backer, Guy¹³⁰ De Bacquer, Dirk¹³⁰ de Gaetano, Giovanni¹²⁵ De Henauw, Stefaan¹³⁰ de Oliveira, Paula Duarte⁶⁹ De Ridder, David¹⁹⁸ De Ridder, Karin¹⁹⁹ de Rooij, Susanne R.²⁰⁰ De Smedt, Delphine¹³⁰ Deepa, Mohan⁶⁰ Deev, Alexander D.²⁰¹ DeGennaro, Vincent, Jr.²⁰² Dehghan, Abbas¹ Delisle, Helene²⁰³ Delpeuch, Francis²⁰⁴ Demarest, Stefaan¹⁹⁹ Dennison, Elaine¹⁸⁶ Deren, Katarzyna⁸³ Deschamps, Valerie²⁰⁵ Dhimal, Meghnath¹¹¹ Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F.²⁰⁶ Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares²⁰⁷ Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena²⁰⁸ Diaz, Alejandro²⁰⁹ Dika, Zivka¹⁸ Djalalinia, Shirin²¹⁰ Djordjic, Visnja²¹¹ Do, Ha T. P.²¹² Dobson, Annette J.²¹³ Donati, Maria Benedetta¹²⁵ Donfrancesco, Chiara²¹⁴ Donoso, Silvana P.²¹⁵ Doring, Angela²¹⁶ Dorobantu, Maria¹⁸¹ Dorosty, Ahmad Reza²¹⁷ Doua, Kouamelan²¹⁸ Dragano, Nico²¹⁹ Drygas, Wojciech²²⁰ Duan, Jia Li²²¹ Duante, Charmaine A.³² Duboz, Priscilla²²² Duda, Rosemary B.²²³ Duleva, Vesselka¹⁷² Dulskiene, Virginija⁹⁹ Dumith, Samuel C.¹⁶⁰ Dushpanova, Anar²²⁴ Dzerve, Vilnis²²⁵ Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta⁸⁰ Eddie, Ricky²²⁶ Eftekhar, Ebrahim²²⁷ Egbagbe, Eruke E.²²⁸ Eggertsen, Robert¹¹⁴ Eghtesad, Sareh²¹⁷ Eiben, Gabriele²²⁹ Ekelund, Ulf⁵⁹ El-Khateeb, Mohammad⁴¹ El Ati, Jalila²³⁰ Eldemire-Shearer, Denise²³¹ Eliasen, Marie⁵⁰ Elliott, Paul¹ Engle-Stone, Reina²³² Enguerran, Macia²²² Erasmus, Rajiv T.²³³ Erbel, Raimund²³⁴ Erem, Cihangir²³⁵ Eriksen, Louise¹¹³ Eriksson, Johan G.²³⁶ Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge²⁷ Eslami, Saeid²³⁷ Esmaeili, Ali²³⁸ Evans, Alun²³⁹ Faeh, David¹²⁷ Fakhretdinova, Albina A.¹¹⁰ Fall, Caroline H.¹⁸⁶ Faramarzi, Elnaz²⁴⁰ Farjam, Mojtaba²⁴¹ Sant’Angelo, Victoria Farrugia¹⁸⁰ Farzadfar, Farshad³⁷ Fattahi, Mohammad Reza²⁴² Fawwad, Asher²⁴³ Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.²⁴⁴ Ferguson, Trevor S.²³¹ Fernandes, Romulo A.¹⁷⁷ Fernandez-Berges, Daniel²⁴⁵ Ferrante, Daniel²⁴⁶ Ferrao, Thomas¹⁸³ Ferrari, Marika¹⁵⁹ Ferrario, Marco M.²⁴⁷ Ferreccio, Catterina²⁴⁸ Ferrer, Eldridge³² Ferrieres, Jean¹²⁶ Figueiro, Thamara Hubler⁸⁹ Fijalkowska, Anna²⁴⁹ Fink, Gunther²⁵⁰ Fischer, Krista²⁵¹ Foo, Leng Huat²⁵² Forsner, Maria²⁵³ Fouad, Heba M.⁵² Francis, Damian K.²³¹ Franco, Maria do Carmo^100,101 Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth³¹ Frontera, Guillermo²⁵⁴ Fuchs, Flavio D.²⁵⁵ Fuchs, Sandra C.¹⁹² Fujiati, Isti I.²⁵⁶ Fujita, Yuki²⁵⁷ Fumihiko, Matsuda²⁵⁸ Furusawa, Takuro²⁵⁸ Gaciong, Zbigniew²⁵⁹ Gafencu, Mihai⁸ Galbarczyk, Andrzej²⁶⁰ Galenkamp, Henrike³⁵ Galeone, Daniela²⁶¹ Galfo, Myriam¹⁵⁹ Galvano, Fabio²⁶² Gao, Jingli¹⁶⁸ Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli²⁶³ Garcia-Solano, Marta¹⁹⁵ Gareta, Dickman²⁶⁴ Garnett, Sarah P.⁹ Gaspoz, Jean-Michel²⁶⁵ Gasull, Magda²⁶⁶ Araujo Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar¹⁹² Gaya, Anelise Reis¹⁹² Gazzinelli, Andrea²⁶⁷ Gehring, Ulrike²⁶⁸ Geiger, Harald¹⁸⁵ Geleijnse, Johanna M.²⁶⁹ Ghanbari, Ali³⁷ Ghasemi, Erfan³⁷ Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina¹⁸¹ Giampaoli, Simona²¹⁴ Gianfagna, Francesco²⁴⁷ Gill, Tiffany K.²⁷⁰ Giovannelli, Jonathan^56,57 Gironella, Glen³² Giwercman, Aleksander²⁷¹ Gkiouras, Konstantinos²⁷² Godos, Justyna²⁶² Gogen, Sibel¹⁵⁸ Goldberg, Marcel²⁷³ Goldsmith, Rebecca A.²⁷⁴ Goltzman, David²⁷⁵ Gomez, Santiago F.²⁷⁶ Gomula, Aleksandra²⁷⁷ Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna Goncalves⁶⁹ Goncalves, Helen⁶⁹ Gonzalez-Chica, David A.²⁷⁰ Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela²⁷⁸ Gonzalez-Leon, Margot²⁷ Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P.²⁷⁹ Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio²⁸⁰ Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena²⁸¹ Gonzalez, Angel R.²⁸² Gottrand, Frederic^56,57 Graca, Antonio Pedro²⁸³ Graff-Iversen, Sidsel⁶⁴ Grafnetter, Dusan²⁸⁴ Grajda, Aneta²⁸⁵ Grammatikopoulou, Maria G.²⁷² Gregor, Ronald D.⁹⁰ Grodzicki, Tomasz²⁶⁰ Groholt, Else Karin⁶⁴ Grontved, Anders¹⁷⁶ Grosso, Giuseppe²⁶² Gruden, Gabriella¹¹⁷ Gu, Dongfeng²⁸⁶ Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela²⁸⁷ Guallar-Castillon, Pilar⁸² Gualtieri, Andrea²⁸⁸ Gudmundsson, Elias F.²⁸⁹ Gudnason, Vilmundur⁶⁷ Guerrero, Ramiro²⁹⁰ Guessous, Idris¹⁹⁸ Guimaraes, Andre L.²⁹¹ Gulliford, Martin C.²⁹² Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna²⁸⁹ Gunter, Marc J.²⁹³ Guo, Xiu-Hua²⁹⁴ Guo, Yin²⁹⁵ Gupta, Prakash C.²⁹⁶ Gupta, Rajeev²⁹⁷ Gureje, Oye²⁹⁸ Gurzkowska, Beata²⁸⁵ Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique¹⁹⁵ Gutierrez, Laura²⁹⁹ Gutzwiller, Felix¹²⁷ Ha, Seongjun³⁰⁰ Hadaegh, Farzad³⁰¹ Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A.³⁰² Haghshenas, Rosa³⁷ Hakimi, Hamid²³⁸ Halkjaer, Jytte³⁰³ Hambleton, Ian R.³⁰⁴ Hamzeh, Behrooz³⁰⁵ Hange, Dominique¹¹⁴ Hanif, Abu A. 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R.^100,101 Hormiga, Claudia M.³²⁶ Horta, Bernardo L.⁶⁹ Houti, Leila³²⁷ Howitt, Christina³⁰⁴ Thein Thein Htay³²⁸ Htet, Aung Soe³²⁹ Htike, Maung Maung Than³²⁹ Hu, Yonghua³³⁰ Huerta, Jose Maria¹⁷⁵ Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani¹ Huiart, Laetitia Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac³³¹ Huisman, Martijn³³² Husseini, Abdullatif²⁵ Huu, Chinh Nguyen^43,333 Huybrechts, Inge²⁹³ Hwalla, Nahla Hyska, Jolanda¹⁴⁰ Iacoviello, Licia¹²⁵ Ibarluzea, Jesus M.³³⁴ Ibrahim, Mohsen M.³³⁵ Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim²³ Ikram, M. Arfan³³⁶ Iotova, Violeta³³⁷ Irazola, Vilma E.²⁹⁹ Ishida, Takafumi³³⁸ Islam, Muhammad¹⁰⁵ Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful³³⁹ Iwasaki, Masanori³⁴⁰ Jacobs, Jeremy M.³⁴¹ Jaddou, Hashem Y.⁹¹ Jafar, Tazeen¹⁶² James, Kenneth²³¹ Jamil, Kazi M. Jamrozik, Konrad²⁷⁰ Janszky, Imre³⁴² Janus, Edward³⁴³ Jarani, Juel³⁴⁴ Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta¹ Jasienska, Grazyna²⁶⁰ Jelakovic, Ana³⁴⁵ Jelakovic, Bojan³⁴⁶ Jennings, Garry³⁴⁷ Jha, Anjani Kumar¹¹¹ Jiang, Chao Qiang³⁴⁸ Jimenez, Ramon O.³⁴⁹ Jockel, Karl-Heinz²³⁴ Joffres, Michel³⁵⁰ Johansson, Mattias²⁹³ Jokelainen, Jari J.³¹⁸ Jonas, Jost B.³⁵¹ Jonnagaddala, Jitendra³⁵² Jorgensen, Torben⁵⁰ Joshi, Pradeep³⁵³ Joukar, Farahnaz³⁵⁴ Jovic, Dragana P.³⁵⁵ Jozwiak, Jacek J.³⁵⁶ Juolevi, Anne³⁵⁷ Jurak, Gregor¹⁹ Simina, Iulia Jurca⁸ Juresa, Vesna¹⁸ Kaaks, Rudolf¹³⁵ Kaducu, Felix O.³⁵⁸ Kafatos, Anthony³⁵⁹ Kajantie, Eero O.³⁵⁷ Kalmatayeva, Zhanna⁹³ Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra¹⁷¹ Kameli, Yves²⁰⁴ Kampmann, Freja B.⁵⁰ Kanala, Kodanda R.³⁶⁰ Kannan, Srinivasan³⁶¹ Kapantais, Efthymios³⁶² Karakosta, Argyro³⁶³ Karhus, Line L.⁵⁰ Karki, Khem B.³⁶⁴ Katibeh, Marzieh³⁶⁵ Katz, Joanne³⁶⁶ Katzmarzyk, Peter T.³⁶⁷ Kauhanen, Jussi³⁰⁶ Kaur, Prabhdeep³⁶⁸ Kavousi, Maryam³³⁶ Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M.¹¹⁰ Keil, Ulrich³⁶⁹ Boker, Lital Keinan³⁷⁰ Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka³¹⁸ Kelishadi, Roya³⁷¹ Kelleher, Cecily⁹⁴ Kemper, Han C. G.³⁷² Kengne, Andre P.³⁷³ Keramati, Maryam²³⁷ Kerimkulova, Alina³⁷⁴ Kersting, Mathilde³⁷⁵ Key, Timothy¹⁶⁹ Khader, Yousef Saleh⁹¹ Khalili, Davood³⁷⁶ Khaw, Kay-Tee³⁷⁷ Kheiri, Bahareh³⁷⁶ Kheradmand, Motahareh³⁷⁸ Khosravi, Alireza³⁷⁹ Khouw, Ilse M. S. L.¹³¹ Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula³⁸⁰ Kiechl, Stefan³⁸⁰ Killewo, Japhet³⁸¹ Kim, Dong Wook³⁰⁰ Kim, Hyeon Chang³⁸² Kim, Jeongseon³⁸³ Kindblom, Jenny M.¹¹⁴ Klakk, Heidi³⁸⁴ Klimek, Magdalena²⁶⁰ Klimont, Jeannette³⁸⁵ Klumbiene, Jurate⁹⁹ Knoflach, Michael³⁸⁰ Koirala, Bhawesh³⁸⁶ Kolle, Elin⁵⁹ Kolsteren, Patrick¹³⁰ Konig, Jurgen³⁸⁷ Korpelainen, Raija¹⁷ Korrovits, Paul³⁸⁸ Korzycka, Magdalena²⁴⁹ Kos, Jelena³⁴⁵ Koskinen, Seppo³⁵⁷ Kouda, Katsuyasu³⁸⁹ Kovacs, Viktoria A.³⁹⁰ Kowlessur, Sudhir³⁹¹ Koziel, Slawomir²⁷⁷ Kratenova, Jana¹⁵¹ Kratzer, Wolfgang³⁹² Kriemler, Susi¹²⁷ Kristensen, Peter Lund¹⁷⁶ Krokstad, Steiner³⁴² Kromhout, Daan¹⁵² Kruger, Herculina S.³⁹³ Kubinova, Ruzena¹⁵¹ Kuciene, Renata⁹⁹ Kujala, Urho M.³⁹⁴ Kujundzic, Enisa³⁹⁵ Kulaga, Zbigniew²⁸⁵ Kumar, R. Krishna³⁹⁶ Kunesova, Marie³⁹⁷ Kurjata, Pawel²²⁰ Kusuma, Yadlapalli S.³⁹⁸ Kuulasmaa, Kari³⁵⁷ Kyobutungi, Catherine³⁹⁹ Quang Ngoc La⁴⁰⁰ Laamiri, Fatima Zahra⁴⁰¹ Laatikainen, Tiina³⁵⁷ Lachat, Carl¹³⁰ Laid, Youcef⁴⁰² Lam, Tai Hing³²² Lambrinou, Christina-Paulina⁴⁰³ Landais, Edwige²⁰⁴ Lanska, Vera²⁸⁴ Lappas, Georg⁴⁰⁴ Larijani, Bagher⁴⁰⁵ Latt, Tint Swe⁴⁰⁶ Lauria, Laura²¹⁴ Lazo-Porras, Maria¹⁵ Le Coroller, Gwenaelle⁴⁸ Khanh Le Nguyen Bao Le Port, Agnes⁴⁰⁷ Le, Tuyen D. Lee, Jeannette⁴⁰⁸ Lee, Jeonghee³⁸³ Lee, Paul H.⁴⁰⁹ Lehmann, Nils²³⁴ Lehtimaki, Terho⁴¹⁰ Lemogoum, Daniel⁴¹¹ Levitt, Naomi S.⁴¹² Li, Yanping² Liivak, Merike⁴¹³ Lilly, Christa L.⁴¹⁴ Lim, Wei-Yen⁴⁰⁸ Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda⁴¹⁵ Lin, Hsien-Ho⁴¹⁶ Lin, Xu⁴¹⁷ Lin, Yi-Ting⁴¹⁸ Lind, Lars⁴¹⁸ Linneberg, Allan⁵⁰ Lissner, Lauren¹¹⁴ Litwin, Mieczyslaw²⁸⁵ Liu, Lijuan²⁹⁵ Lo, Wei-Cheng⁴¹⁹ Loit, Helle-Mai⁴¹³ Khuong Quynh Long⁴⁰⁰ Lopes, Luis¹⁵⁵ Lopes, Oscar⁴²⁰ Lopez-Garcia, Esther⁸² Lopez, Tania⁴²¹ Lotufo, Paulo A.^100,101 Eugenio Lozano, Jose⁴²² Lukrafka, Janice L.⁴²³ Luksiene, Dalia⁹⁹ Lundqvist, Annamari³⁵⁷ Lundqvist, Robert⁴²⁴ Lunet, Nuno¹⁵⁵ Lunogelo, Charles⁴²⁵ Lustigova, Michala¹⁷⁹ Luszczki, Edyta⁸³ Ma, Guansheng³³⁰ Ma, Jun³³⁰ Ma, Xu³¹² Machado-Coelho, George L. L.⁴²⁶ Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.⁴²⁷ Macieira, Luisa M.⁴²⁸ Madar, Ahmed A.³⁸ Maggi, Stefania⁴²⁹ Magliano, Dianna J.⁴³⁰ Magnacca, Sara²⁰⁶ Magriplis, Emmanuella⁴³¹ Mahasampath, Gowri⁹⁵ Maire, Bernard²⁰⁴ Majer, Marjeta¹⁸ Makdisse, Marcia⁴³² Maki, Paivi³⁵⁷ Malekzadeh, Fatemeh²¹⁷ Malekzadeh, Reza²¹⁷ Malhotra, Rahul¹⁶² Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna¹³ Malyutina, Sofia K.⁴³³ Maniego, Lynell, V³² Manios, Yannis⁴⁰³ Mann, Jim, I⁴³⁴ Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz³⁵⁴ Manzato, Enzo⁴³⁵ Margozzini, Paula²⁴⁸ Markaki, Anastasia⁴³⁶ Markey, Oonagh⁴³⁷ Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou⁴³⁸ Marques-Vidal, Pedro⁴³⁹ Marques, Larissa Pruner⁴⁴⁰ Marrugat, Jaume⁴⁴¹ Martin-Prevel, Yves²⁰⁴ Martin, Rosemarie⁴⁴² Martorell, Reynaldo⁴⁴³ Martos, Eva⁴⁴⁴ Maruszczak, Katharina⁴⁴⁵ Marventano, Stefano²⁶² Mascarenhas, Luis P.⁴⁴⁶ Masoodi, Shariq R.⁴⁴⁷ Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.⁴⁴⁸ Mathur, Prashant⁴⁴⁹ Matijasevich, Alicia^100,101 Matsha, Tandi E.⁴⁵⁰ Mavrogianni, Christina⁴⁰³ Mazur, Artur⁸³ Mbanya, Jean Claude N.⁶⁸ McFarlane, Shelly R.²³¹ McGarvey, Stephen T.⁴⁵¹ McKee, Martin⁴⁵² McLachlan, Stela⁴⁵³ McLean, Rachael M.⁴³⁴ McLean, Scott B.¹⁸³ McNulty, Breige A.⁹⁴ Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene³²⁷ Medzioniene, Jurate⁹⁹ Mehdipour, Parinaz³⁷ Mehlig, Kirsten¹¹⁴ Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang⁴⁵⁴ Meirhaeghe, Aline⁴⁵⁵ Meisfjord, Jorgen⁶⁴ Meisinger, Christa²¹⁶ Menezes, Ana Maria B.⁶⁹ Menon, Geetha R.¹⁶³ Mensink, Gert B. M.⁴⁵⁶ Menzano, Maria Teresa²⁶¹ Mereke, Alibek⁹³ Meshram, Indrapal I.¹³ Metspalu, Andres²⁵¹ Meyer, Haakon E.³⁸ Mi, Jie¹⁶⁶ Michaelsen, Kim F.³¹ Michels, Nathalie¹³⁰ Mikkel, Kairit²⁵¹ Milkowska, Karolina²⁶⁰ Miller, Jody C.⁴³⁴ Minderico, Claudia S.⁴⁵⁷ Mini, G. K.⁴⁵⁸ Miquel, Juan Francisco²⁴⁸ Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza⁴⁵⁴ Mirkopoulou, Daphne⁴⁵⁹ Mirrakhimov, Erkin³⁷⁴ Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta¹⁸ Mistretta, Antonio²⁶² Mocanu, Veronica⁴⁶⁰ Modesti, Pietro A.⁴⁶¹ Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi³⁷ Mohajer, Bahram³⁷ Mohamed, Mostafa K.⁴⁶² Mohamed, Shukri F.³⁹⁹ Mohammad, Kazem²¹⁷ Mohammadi, Zahra²¹⁷ Mohammadifard, Noushin⁴⁶³ Mohammadpourhodki, Reza²³⁷ Mohan, Viswanathan⁶⁰ Mohanna, Salim¹⁵ Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd²³ Mohebbi, Iraj³³ Mohebi, Farnam³⁷ Moitry, Marie⁴⁶⁴ Molbo, Drude³¹ Mollehave, Line T.⁵⁰ Moller, Niels C.¹⁷⁶ Molnar, Denes³¹⁴ Momenan, Amirabbas³⁷⁶ Mondo, Charles K.⁴⁶⁵ Monroy-Valle, Michele⁴⁶⁶ Monterrubio-Flores, Eric²⁸⁰ Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K.⁴⁶⁷ Moon, Jin Soo¹² Moosazadeh, Mahmood³⁷⁸ Moreira, Leila B.¹⁹² Morejon, Alain⁴⁶⁸ Moreno, Luis A.¹⁵⁶ Morgan, Karen⁴⁶⁹ Morin, Suzanne N.²⁷⁵ Mortensen, Erik Lykke³¹ Moschonis, George⁴⁷⁰ Mossakowska, Malgorzata⁴⁷¹ Mostafa, Aya⁴⁶² Mota-Pinto, Anabela⁴²⁷ Mota, Jorge¹⁵⁵ Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel¹⁷⁰ Motta, Jorge⁴⁷² Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos Andre⁸⁷ Mridha, Malay K.³⁰ Msyamboza, Kelias P.⁴⁷³ Thet Thet Mu⁴⁷⁴ Muc, Magdalena⁴²⁷ Mugosa, Boban³⁹⁵ Muiesan, Maria L.⁴⁷⁵ Mukhtorova, Parvina⁴⁷⁶ Muller-Nurasyid, Martina²¹⁶ Murphy, Neil²⁹³ Mursu, Jaakko³⁰⁶ Murtagh, Elaine M.⁴⁷⁷ Musa, Kamarul Imran²⁵² Milanovic, Sanja Music⁴⁷⁸ Musil, Vera¹⁸ Mustafa, Norlaila⁴⁷⁹ Nabipour, Iraj⁴⁸⁰ Naderimagham, Shohreh³⁷ Nagel, Gabriele⁴⁸¹ Naidu, Balkish M.⁴⁸² Najafi, Farid³⁰⁵ Nakamura, Harunobu⁴⁸³ Namesna, Jana⁷¹ Nang, Ei Ei K.⁴⁰⁸ Nangia, Vinay B.⁴⁸⁴ Nankap, Martin⁴⁸⁵ Narake, Sameer²⁹⁶ Nardone, Paola²¹⁴ Nauck, Matthias⁴⁸⁶ Neal, William A.⁴¹⁴ Nejatizadeh, Azim²²⁷ Nekkantti, Chandini³⁵² Nelis, Keiu⁴¹³ Nelis, Liis⁴¹³ Nenko, Ilona²⁶⁰ Neovius, Martin⁴⁸⁷ Nervi, Flavio²⁴⁸ Nguyen, Chung T.⁴⁸⁸ Nguyen, Nguyen D.⁴⁸⁹ Quang Ngoc Nguyen⁴⁹⁰ Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E.⁴⁹¹ Nikitin, Yury P.⁴³³ Ning, Guang¹⁰⁷ Ninomiya, Toshiharu³⁰⁹ Nishtar, Sania⁴⁹² Noale, Marianna⁴²⁹ Noboa, Oscar A.¹⁰⁸ Nogueira, Helena⁴²⁷ Norat, Teresa¹ Nordendahl, Maria²⁵³ Nordestgaard, Borge G.¹²⁴ Noto, Davide⁸⁴ Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia²⁷⁷ Al Nsour, Mohannad⁴⁹³ Nuhoglu, Irfan²³⁵ Nurk, Eha⁴¹³ O’Neill, Terence W.⁴⁹⁴ O’Reilly, Dermot²³⁹ Obreja, Galina⁴⁹⁵ Ochimana, Caleb² Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M.²¹⁵ Oda, Eiji⁴⁹⁶ Oh, Kyungwon⁴⁹⁷ Ohara, Kumiko²⁵⁷ Ohlsson, Claes¹¹⁴ Ohtsuka, Ryutaro⁴⁹⁸ Olafsson, Orn²⁸⁹ Olinto, Maria Teresa A.²⁰⁷ Oliveira, Isabel O.⁶⁹ Omar, Mohd Azahadi²³ Onat, Altan⁴⁹⁹ Ong, Sok King⁵⁰⁰ Ono, Lariane M.⁵⁰¹ Ordunez, Pedro⁸⁵ Ornelas, Rui⁵⁰² Ortiz, Ana P.⁵⁰³ Ortiz, Pedro J.¹⁵ Osler, Merete⁵⁰⁴ Osmond, Clive⁵⁰⁵ Ostojic, Sergej M.²¹¹ Ostovar, Afshin²¹⁷ Otero, Johanna A.³²⁶ Overvad, Kim³⁶⁵ Owusu-Dabo, Ellis⁵⁰⁶ Paccaud, Fred Michel⁵⁰⁷ Padez, Cristina⁴²⁷ Pagkalos, Ioannis³⁰⁸ Pahomova, Elena²²⁵ de Paiva, Karina Mary⁸⁹ Pajak, Andrzej²⁶⁰ Palli, Domenico⁵⁰⁸ Palloni, Alberto⁵⁰⁹ Palmieri, Luigi²¹⁴ Pan, Wen-Harn¹⁶⁵ Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra⁵¹⁰ Pandey, Arvind¹⁶³ Panza, Francesco⁵¹¹ Papandreou, Dimitrios⁵¹² Park, Soon-Woo⁵¹³ Park, Suyeon⁴⁹⁷ Parnell, Winsome R.⁴³⁴ Parsaeian, Mahboubeh²¹⁷ Pascanu, Ionela M.⁵¹⁴ Pasquet, Patrick⁵⁵ Patel, Nikhil D.⁵¹⁵ Pecin, Ivan³⁴⁵ Pednekar, Mangesh S.²⁹⁶ Peer, Nasheeta⁵¹⁶ Pei, Gao³³⁰ Peixoto, Sergio Viana⁴¹⁵ Peltonen, Markku³⁵⁷ Pereira, Alexandre C.^100,101 Peres, Marco A.⁵¹⁷ Perez-Farinos, Napoleon⁵¹⁸ Perez, Cynthia M.⁵⁰³ Peterkova, Valentina¹²² Peters, Annette²¹⁶ Petersmann, Astrid⁴⁸⁶ Petkeviciene, Janina⁹⁹ Petrauskiene, Ausra⁹⁹ Pettenuzzo, Emanuela⁵¹⁹ Peykari, Niloofar²¹⁰ Pham, Son Thai⁵²⁰ Pichardo, Rafael N.⁵²¹ Pierannunzio, Daniela²¹⁴ Pigeot, Iris⁵²² Pikhart, Hynek¹¹⁸ Pilav, Aida⁵²³ Pilotto, Lorenza⁵²⁴ Pistelli, Francesco⁵²⁵ Pitakaka, Freda⁵²⁶ Piwonska, Aleksandra²²⁰ Pizarro, Andreia N.¹⁵⁵ Plans-Rubio, Pedro⁵²⁷ Poh, Bee Koon⁴⁷⁹ Pohlabeln, Hermann⁵²² Pop, Raluca M.⁵¹⁴ Popovic, Stevo R.¹¹² Porta, Miquel⁵²⁸ Posch, Georg¹⁸⁵ Poudyal, Anil¹¹¹ Poulimeneas, Dimitrios³⁰⁸ Pouraram, Hamed²¹⁷ Pourfarzi, Farhad⁵²⁹ Pourshams, Akram²¹⁷ Poustchi, Hossein²¹⁷ Pradeepa, Rajendra⁶⁰ Price, Alison J.⁴⁵² Price, Jacqueline F.⁴⁵³ Providencia, Rui¹¹⁸ Puder, Jardena J.⁴³⁹ Pudule, Iveta⁵³⁰ Puhakka, Soile E.¹⁷ Puiu, Maria⁸ Punab, Margus³⁸⁸ Qasrawi, Radwan F.²¹ Qorbani, Mostafa⁵³¹ Tran Quoc Bao⁵³² Radic, Ivana²¹¹ Radisauskas, Ricardas⁹⁹ Rahimikazerooni, Salar²⁴² Rahman, Mahfuzar⁵³³ Rahman, Mahmudur⁵³⁴ Raitakari, Olli^535,536 Raj, Manu³⁹⁶ Rakhimova, Ellina¹¹⁰ Rakhmatulloev, Sherali⁴⁷⁶ Rakovac, Ivo¹³⁴ Rao, Sudha Ramachandra³⁶⁸ Ramachandran, Ambady¹⁶¹ Ramke, Jacqueline¹¹ Ramos, Elisabete⁷⁴ Ramos, Rafel⁵³⁷ Rampal, Lekhraj⁵³⁸ Rampal, Sanjay⁵³⁹ Rarra, Vayia⁵⁴⁰ Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A.²⁷ Rasmussen, Mette¹⁷⁶ Rech, Cassiano Ricardo⁸⁹ Redon, Josep⁵⁴¹ Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M.⁵⁴² Regecova, Valeria⁵⁴³ Revilla, Luis⁴²¹ Rezaianzadeh, Abbas²⁴² Ribas-Barba, Lourdes⁵⁴⁴ Ribeiro, Robespierre⁵⁴⁵ Riboli, Elio¹ Richter, Adrian⁴⁸⁶ Rigo, Fernando⁵⁴⁶ Rinaldo, Natascia²⁸⁷ de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke⁵⁴⁷ Rito, Ana⁵⁴⁸ Ritti-Dias, Raphael M.⁵⁴⁹ Rivera, Juan A.²⁸⁰ Robitaille, Cynthia⁵⁵⁰ Roccaldo, Romana¹⁵⁹ Rodrigues, Daniela⁴²⁷ Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando⁸² Rodriguez-Perez, Maria Del Cristo⁵⁵¹ Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A.⁵⁵² Roggenbuck, Ulla²³⁴ Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba²⁸⁰ Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa²⁹ Romaguera, Dora¹⁸⁹ Romeo, Elisabetta L.⁵⁵³ Rosario, Rafaela, V⁵⁵⁴ Rosengren, Annika¹¹⁴ Rouse, Ian⁵⁵⁵ Roy, Joel G. R.¹⁸³ Rubinstein, Adolfo²⁹⁹ Ruhli, Frank J.¹²⁷ Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard¹²⁶ Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca²⁷ Ruiz-Castell, Maria⁴⁸ Moreno, Emma Ruiz⁵⁵⁶ Rusakova, Iuliia A.¹¹⁰ Jonsson, Kenisha Russell⁵⁵⁷ Russo, Paola⁵⁵⁸ Rust, Petra³⁸⁷ Rutkowski, Marcin⁸¹ Sabanayagam, Charumathi¹⁶⁴ Sacchini, Elena²⁸⁸ Sachdev, Harshpal S.⁵⁵⁹ Sadjadi, Alireza²¹⁷ Safarpour, Ali Reza²⁴² Safiri, Saeid²⁴⁰ Saki, Nader¹⁷⁰ Salanave, Benoit²⁰⁵ Salazar Martinez, Eduardo²⁸⁰ Salmeron, Diego¹⁷⁵ Salomaa, Veikko³⁵⁷ Salonen, Jukka T.²³⁶ Salvetti, Massimo⁴⁷⁵ Samoutian, Margarita⁵⁶⁰ Sanchez-Abanto, Jose^561,562 Sans, Susana⁵⁶³ Santa Marina, Loreto⁵⁶⁴ Santos, Diana A.⁴⁵⁷ Santos, Ina S.⁶⁹ Santos, Lelita C.⁴²⁸ Santos, Maria Paula¹⁵⁵ Santos, Osvaldo⁵⁶⁵ Santos, Rute¹⁵⁵ Sanz, Sara Santos¹⁹⁵ Saramies, Jouko L. Sardinha, Luis B.⁴⁵⁷ Sarrafzadegan, Nizal⁴⁶³ Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu⁵⁶⁶ Saum, Kai-Uwe¹³⁵ Savva, Savvas³⁰² Savy, Mathilde²⁰⁴ Sawada, Norie⁵⁶⁷ Sbaraini, Mariana¹⁹² Scazufca, Marcia^568,569 Schaan, Beatriz D.¹⁹² Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath⁴⁵⁶ Schargrodsky, Herman⁵⁷⁰ Schienkiewitz, Anja⁴⁵⁶ Schipf, Sabine⁴⁸⁶ Schmidt, Carsten O.⁴⁸⁶ Schmidt, Ida Maria⁵⁷¹ Schnohr, Peter¹²⁴ Schottker, Ben¹³⁵ Schramm, Sara²³⁴ Schramm, Stine¹⁷⁶ Schroder, Helmut²⁶⁶ Schultsz, Constance⁵⁷² Schutte, Aletta E.³⁵² Sein, Aye Aye³²⁹ Selamat, Rusidah²³ Sember, Vedrana¹⁹ Sen, Abhijit⁵⁷³ Senbanjo, Idowu O.⁵⁷⁴ Sepanlou, Sadaf G.²¹⁷ Sequera, Victor¹⁵⁰ Serra-Majem, Luis⁵⁷⁵ Servais, Jennifer¹⁸³ Sevcikova, Ludmila⁵⁷⁶ Shalnova, Svetlana A.²⁰¹ Shamah-Levy, Teresa²⁸⁰ Shamshirgaran, Morteza⁷⁵ Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam⁶⁰ Sharafkhah, Maryam²¹⁷ Sharma, Sanjib K.³⁸⁶ Shaw, Jonathan E.⁴³⁰ Shayanrad, Amaneh²¹⁷ Shayesteh, Ali Akbar¹⁷⁰ Shengelia, Lela⁵⁷⁷ Shi, Zumin²⁴ Shibuya, Kenji²⁹² Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana⁵⁷⁸ Shin, Dong Wook⁵⁷⁹ Shirani, Majid³⁶ Shiri, Rahman⁵⁸⁰ Shrestha, Namuna⁵⁸¹ Si-Ramlee, Khairil⁵⁰⁰ Siani, Alfonso⁵⁵⁸ Siantar, Rosalynn¹⁶⁴ Sibai, Abla M. Silva, Antonio M.⁹² Silva, Diego Augusto Santos⁸⁹ Simon, Mary¹⁶¹ Simons, Judith Simons, Leon A.³⁵² Sjoberg, Agneta¹¹⁴ Sjostrom, Michael⁴⁸⁷ Skodje, Gry⁵⁸² Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta⁸⁰ Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw⁴⁷¹ Smeeth, Liam⁴⁵² So, Hung-Kwan³²² Soares, Fernanda Cunha⁸⁷ Sobek, Grzegorz⁸³ Sobngwi, Eugene⁶⁸ Sodemann, Morten¹⁷⁶ Soderberg, Stefan²⁵³ Soekatri, Moesijanti Y. E.⁵⁸³ Soemantri, Agustinus⁵⁸⁴ Sofat, Reecha¹¹⁸ Solfrizzi, Vincenzo⁵⁸⁵ Somi, Mohammad Hossein²⁴⁰ Sonestedt, Emily²⁷¹ Song, Yi³³⁰ Sorensen, Thorkild I. A.³¹ Sorgjerd, Elin P.³⁴² Jerome, Charles Sossa⁵⁸⁶ Soto-Rojas, Victoria E.²⁹⁰ Soumare, Aicha⁵⁸⁷ Sovic, Slavica³⁴⁶ Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente⁵⁸⁸ Sparrenberger, Karen¹⁹² Spinelli, Angela²¹⁴ Spiroski, Igor⁵⁸⁹ Staessen, Jan A.⁵⁹⁰ Stamm, Hanspeter⁵⁹¹ Stathopoulou, Maria G.⁵⁹² Staub, Kaspar¹²⁷ Stavreski, Bill³⁴⁷ Steene-Johannessen, Jostein⁵⁹ Stehle, Peter⁵⁹³ Stein, Aryeh D.⁴⁴³ Stergiou, George S.⁵⁹⁴ Stessman, Jochanan³⁴¹ Stevanovic, Ranko⁴⁷⁸ Stieber, Jutta²¹⁶ Stockl, Doris²¹⁶ Stocks, Tanja²⁷¹ Stokwiszewski, Jakub Stoyanova, Ekaterina⁵⁹⁵ Stratton, Gareth¹³⁸ Stronks, Karien³⁵ Federal, Maria Wany Strufaldi^100,101 Sturua, Lela⁵⁷⁷ Suarez-Medina, Ramon²⁰⁸ Suka, Machi⁵⁹⁶ Sun, Chien-An⁵⁹⁷ Sundstrom, Johan⁴¹⁸ Sung, Yn-Tz³²³ Sunyer, Jordi⁵¹ Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul²⁹ Swinburn, Boyd A.¹¹ Sy, Rody G.⁵⁴² Syddall, Holly E.¹⁸⁶ Sylva, Rene Charles⁵⁹⁸ Szklo, Moyses³⁶⁶ Szponar, Lucjan⁵⁹⁹ Tai, E. Shyong⁴⁰⁸ Tammesoo, Mari-Liis²⁵¹ Tamosiunas, Abdonas⁹⁹ Tan, Eng Joo⁶⁰⁰ Tang, Xun³³⁰ Tanrygulyyeva, Maya⁶⁰¹ Tanser, Frank⁶⁰² Tao, Yong³³⁰ Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul⁶⁰³ Tarp, Jakob⁵⁹ Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B.^561,562 Braunerova, Radka Taxova³⁹⁷ Taylor, Anne²⁷⁰ Taylor, Julie¹¹⁸ Tchibindat, Felicite⁶⁰⁴ Tebar, William R.¹⁷⁷ Tell, Grethe S.³¹⁰ Tello, Tania¹⁵ Tham, Yih Chung¹⁶⁴ Thankappan, K. R.⁶⁰⁵ Theobald, Holger¹⁵³ Theodoridis, Xenophon²⁷² Thijs, Lutgarde⁵⁹⁰ Thomas, Nihal⁹⁵ Thuesen, Betina H.⁵⁰ Ticha, Lubica⁵⁷⁶ Timmermans, Erik J.⁶⁰⁶ Tjonneland, Anne³⁰³ Tolonen, Hanna K.³⁵⁷ Tolstrup, Janne S.¹¹³ Topbas, Murat²³⁵ Topor-Madry, Roman²⁶⁰ Torheim, Liv Elin⁵⁸⁸ Tormo, Maria Jose⁶⁰⁷ Tornaritis, Michael J.³⁰² Torrent, Maties⁶⁰⁸ Torres-Collado, Laura²⁶³ Toselli, Stefania⁶⁰⁹ Touloumi, Giota³⁶³ Traissac, Pierre²⁰⁴ Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran⁴⁰⁰ Trichopoulos, Dimitrios² Trichopoulou, Antonia⁶¹⁰ Oanh Th Trinh⁴⁸⁹ Trivedi, Atul⁶¹¹ Tshepo, Lechaba⁶¹² Tsigga, Maria³⁰⁸ Tsugane, Shoichiro⁵⁶⁷ Tuliakova, Azaliia M.¹¹⁰ Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K.²³¹ Tullu, Fikru⁶¹³ Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka³⁰⁶ Tuomilehto, Jaakko³⁵⁷ Turley, Maria L.⁶¹⁴ Twig, Gilad^72,73 Tynelius, Per⁴⁸⁷ Tzotzas, Themistoklis³⁶² Tzourio, Christophe⁵⁸⁷ Ueda, Peter⁴⁸⁷ Ugel, Eunice⁶¹⁴ Ukoli, Flora Am⁶¹⁵ Ulmer, Hanno³⁸⁰ Unal, Belgin⁶¹⁶ Usupova, Zhamyila⁴⁰ Uusitalo, Hannu M. 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³⁸⁹Kansai Med Univ, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan. ³⁹⁰Hungarian Sch Sport Federat, Budapest, Hungary. ³⁹¹Minist Hlth & Qual Life, Port Louis, Mauritius. ³⁹²Univ Hosp Ulm, Ulm, Germany. ³⁹³North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ³⁹⁴Univ Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland. ³⁹⁵Inst Publ Hlth, Podgorica, Montenegro. ³⁹⁶Amrita Inst Med Sci, Cochin, Kerala, India. ³⁹⁷Inst Endocrinol, Prague, Czech Republic. ³⁹⁸All India Inst Med Sci, New Delhi, India. ³⁹⁹African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya. ⁴⁰⁰Hanoi Univ Publ Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam. ⁴⁰¹Hassan First Univ Settat, Settat, Morocco. ⁴⁰²Minist Hlth, Algiers, Algeria. ⁴⁰³Harokopio Univ, Athens, Greece. ⁴⁰⁴Sahlgrens Acad, Gothenburg, Sweden. ⁴⁰⁵Endocrinol & Metab Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. ⁴⁰⁶Univ Publ Hlth, Yangon, Myanmar. ⁴⁰⁷Int Food Policy Res Inst, Dakar, Senegal. ⁴⁰⁸Natl Univ Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. ⁴⁰⁹Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. ⁴¹⁰Tampere Univ Hosp, Tampere, Finland. ⁴¹¹Univ Douala, Douala, Cameroon. ⁴¹²Univ Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. ⁴¹³Natl Inst Hlth Dev, Tallinn, Estonia. ⁴¹⁴West Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. ⁴¹⁵Oswaldo Cruz Fdn Rene Rachou Res Inst, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ⁴¹⁶Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. ⁴¹⁷Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China. ⁴¹⁸Uppsala Univ, Uppsala, Sweden. ⁴¹⁹Taipei Med Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. ⁴²⁰Sports Med Ctr Minho, Braga, Portugal. ⁴²¹Univ San Martin Porres, Lima, Peru. ⁴²²Consejeria Sanidad Junta Castilla & Leon, Valladolid, Spain. ⁴²³Univ Fed Ciencias Saude Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. ⁴²⁴Norrbotten Cty Council, Lulea, Sweden. ⁴²⁵Ilembula Lutheran Hosp, Ilembula, Iran. ⁴²⁶Univ Fed Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil. ⁴²⁷Univ Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. ⁴²⁸Coimbra Univ Hosp Ctr, Coimbra, Portugal. ⁴²⁹Inst Neurosci Natl Res Council, Padua, Italy. ⁴³⁰Baker Heart & Diabet Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ⁴³¹Agr Univ Athens, Athens, Greece. ⁴³²Hosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ⁴³³SB RAS Fed Res Ctr Inst Cytol & Genet, Novosibirsk, Russia. ⁴³⁴Univ Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. ⁴³⁵Univ Padua, Padua, Italy. ⁴³⁶Hellen Mediterranean Univ, Siteia, Greece. ⁴³⁷Loughborough Univ, Loughborough, Leics, England. ⁴³⁸Minist Hlth, Nicosia, Cyprus. ⁴³⁹Lausanne Univ Hosp, Lausanne, Switzerland. ⁴⁴⁰Escola Nacl Saude Publ Sergio Arouca, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. ⁴⁴¹CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain. ⁴⁴²Mary Immaculate Coll, Limerick, Ireland. ⁴⁴³Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. ⁴⁴⁴Hungarian Soc Sports Med, Budapest, Hungary. ⁴⁴⁵Paracelsus Med Univ, Salzburg, Austria. ⁴⁴⁶Univ Estadual Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, Brazil. ⁴⁴⁷Sherikashmir Inst Med Sci, Srinagar, India. ⁴⁴⁸UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Tromso, Norway. ⁴⁴⁹ICMR Natl Ctr Dis Informat & Res, Bengaluru, India. ⁴⁵⁰Cape Peninsula Univ Technol, Cape Town, South Africa. ⁴⁵¹Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. ⁴⁵²London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London, England. ⁴⁵³Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. ⁴⁵⁴Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. ⁴⁵⁵Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Lille, France. ⁴⁵⁶Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany. ⁴⁵⁷Univ Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ⁴⁵⁸Womens Social & Hlth Studies Fdn, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. ⁴⁵⁹Democritus Univ, Alexandroupolis, Greece. ⁴⁶⁰Grigore T Popa Univ Med & Pharm, Iasi, Romania. ⁴⁶¹Univ Firenze, Florence, Italy. ⁴⁶²Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt. ⁴⁶³Isfahan Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Esfahan, Iran. ⁴⁶⁴Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. ⁴⁶⁵Mulago Hosp, Kampala, Uganda. ⁴⁶⁶Univ San Carlos, Guatemala City, Guatemala. ⁴⁶⁷Univ Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. ⁴⁶⁸Univ Med Sci Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba. ⁴⁶⁹Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. ⁴⁷⁰Trobe Univ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ⁴⁷¹Int Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Warsaw, Poland. ⁴⁷²Inst Conmemorat Gorgas Estudios Salud, Panama City, Panama. ⁴⁷³World Hlth Org Country Off, Lilongwe, Malawi. ⁴⁷⁴Dept Publ Hlth, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. ⁴⁷⁵Univ Brescia, Brescia, Italy. ⁴⁷⁶Minist Hlth & Social Protect, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. ⁴⁷⁷Univ Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. ⁴⁷⁸Croatian Inst Publ Hlth, Zagreb, Croatia. ⁴⁷⁹Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ⁴⁸⁰Bushehr Univ Med Sci, Bushehr, Iran. ⁴⁸¹Ulm Univ, Ulm, Germany. ⁴⁸²Dept Stat, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ⁴⁸³Kobe Univ, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. ⁴⁸⁴Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. ⁴⁸⁵UNICEF, Yaounde, Cameroon. ⁴⁸⁶Univ Med Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. ⁴⁸⁷Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. ⁴⁸⁸Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam. ⁴⁸⁹Univ Med & Pharm Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ⁴⁹⁰Hanoi Med Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam. ⁴⁹¹LifeDoc Hlth, Memphis, TN USA. ⁴⁹²Heartfile, Islamabad, Pakistan. ⁴⁹³Eastern Mediterranean Publ Hlth Network, Amman, Jordan. ⁴⁹⁴Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. ⁴⁹⁵State Univ Med & Pharm, Kishinev, Moldova. ⁴⁹⁶Tachikawa Gen Hosp, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan. ⁴⁹⁷Korea Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cheongju, South Korea. ⁴⁹⁸Japan Wildlife Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. ⁴⁹⁹Istanbul Univ, Istanbul, Turkey. ⁵⁰⁰Minist Hlth, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. 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Fdn, Barcelona, Spain. ⁵⁴⁵Minas Gerais State Secretariat Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. ⁵⁴⁶CS S Agustin Ibsalut, Palma De Mallorca, Spain. ⁵⁴⁷Amsterdam Inst Global Hlth & Dev, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ⁵⁴⁸Natl Inst Hlth Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal. ⁵⁴⁹Univ Nove Julho, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ⁵⁵⁰Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ⁵⁵¹Canarian Hlth Serv, Tenerife, Spain. ⁵⁵²Univ Ind Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. ⁵⁵³Assoc Calabrese Epatol, Reggio Di Calabria, Italy. ⁵⁵⁴Univ Minho, Braga, Portugal. ⁵⁵⁵Fiji Natl Univ, Suva, Fiji. ⁵⁵⁶Spanish Nutr Fdn, Madrid, Spain. ⁵⁵⁷Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden. ⁵⁵⁸Inst Food Sci Natl Res Council, Avellino, Italy. ⁵⁵⁹Sitaram Bhartia Inst Sci & Res, New Delhi, India. ⁵⁶⁰Kindergarten Avlonari, Evia, Greece. ⁵⁶¹Natl Inst Hlth, Lima, Peru. ⁵⁶²Minist Hlth, Jakarta, Indonesia. ⁵⁶³Catalan Dept Hlth, Barcelona, Spain. ⁵⁶⁴Biodonostia Hlth Res Inst, San Sebastian, Spain. ⁵⁶⁵Inst Saude Ambiental, Lisbon, Portugal. ⁵⁶⁶McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada. ⁵⁶⁷Natl Canc Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. ⁵⁶⁸Univ Sao Paulo Clin Hosp, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ⁵⁶⁹Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland. ⁵⁷⁰Hosp Italiano Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. ⁵⁷¹Rigshosp, Copenhagen, Denmark. ⁵⁷²Acad Med Ctr Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ⁵⁷³Ctr Oral Hlth Serv & Res Midnorway, Trondheim, Norway. ⁵⁷⁴Lagos State Univ, Coll Med, Lagos, Nigeria. ⁵⁷⁵Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain. ⁵⁷⁶Comenius Univ, Bratislava, Slovakia. ⁵⁷⁷Natl Ctr Dis Control & Publ Hlth, Tbilisi, Georgia. ⁵⁷⁸Nippon Med Sch, Tokyo, Japan. ⁵⁷⁹Sungkyunkwan Univ, Seoul, South Korea. ⁵⁸⁰Publ Hlth Promot & Dev Org, Kathmandu, Nepal. ⁵⁸¹St Vincents Hosp, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ⁵⁸²Nes Municipal, Aarnes, Norway. ⁵⁸³Hlth Polytech Jakarta II Inst, Jakarta, Indonesia. ⁵⁸⁴Diponegoro Univ, Semarang, Indonesia. ⁵⁸⁵Univ Bari, Bari, Italy. ⁵⁸⁶Inst Reg Sante Publ, Ouidah, Benin. ⁵⁸⁷Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. ⁵⁸⁸Oslo Metropolitan Univ, Oslo, Norway. ⁵⁸⁹Inst Publ Hlth, Skopje, North Macedonia. ⁵⁹⁰Univ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ⁵⁹¹Lamprecht & Stamm Sozialforsch & Beratung AG, Zurich, Switzerland. ⁵⁹²Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med, Nancy, France. ⁵⁹³Univ Bonn, Bonn, Germany. ⁵⁹⁴Sotiria Hosp, Sotiria, Greece. ⁵⁹⁵Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Pazardjik, Bulgaria. ⁵⁹⁶Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan. ⁵⁹⁷Fu Jen Catholic Univ, Taipei, Taiwan. ⁵⁹⁸Natl Stat Off, Praia, Cape Verde. ⁵⁹⁹Natl Inst Publ Hlth Natl Inst Hyg, Warsaw, Poland. ⁶⁰⁰Deakin Univ, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ⁶⁰¹Sci Res Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan. ⁶⁰²Univ Lincoln, Lincoln, England. ⁶⁰³Minist Hlth, Amman, Jordan. ⁶⁰⁴UNICEF, Niamey, Niger. ⁶⁰⁵Cent Univ Kerala, Kasaragod, India. ⁶⁰⁶Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ⁶⁰⁷Hlth Serv Murcia, Murcia, Spain. ⁶⁰⁸Inst Invest Sanitaria Illes Balears, Menorca, Spain. ⁶⁰⁹Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy. ⁶¹⁰Hellen Hlth Fdn, Athens, Greece. ⁶¹¹Govt Med Coll, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. ⁶¹²Sefako Makgatho Hlth Sci Univ, Ga Rankuwa, South Africa. ⁶¹³Addis Ababa Univ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ⁶¹⁴Minist Hlth, Wellington, New Zealand. ⁶¹⁵Univ Ctr Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela. ⁶¹⁶Meharry Med Coll, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. ⁶¹⁷Dokuz Eylul Univ, Izmir, Turkey. ⁶¹⁸Univ Tampere, Tays Eye Ctr, Tampere, Finland. ⁶¹⁹Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Ankara, Turkey. ⁶²⁰Polytech Inst Porto, Porto, Portugal. ⁶²¹Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA. ⁶²²Univ CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain. ⁶²³Shanghai Educ Dev Co Ltd, Shanghai, Peoples R China. ⁶²⁴CNR, Pisa, Italy. ⁶²⁵Univ Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain. ⁶²⁶Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ⁶²⁷Sunflower Nursery Sch, Craiova, Romania. ⁶²⁸North Karelia Ctr Publ Hlth, Joensuu, Finland. ⁶²⁹Univ Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. ⁶³⁰Med Univ Vienna, Vienna, Austria. ⁶³¹Cork Inst Technol, Cork, Ireland. ⁶³²Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ⁶³³Xinjiang Med Univ, Urumqi, Peoples R China. ⁶³⁴Minist Hlth, Auckland, New Zealand. ⁶³⁵Rebro Univ, Rebro, Sweden. ⁶³⁶St Georges Univ London, London, England. ⁶³⁷Univ Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. ⁶³⁸Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Food & Nutr Dev, Beijing, Peoples R China. ⁶³⁹Fudan Univ, Childrens Hosp, Shanghai, Peoples R China. ⁶⁴⁰Univ Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. ⁶⁴¹Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan. ⁶⁴²Int Med Univ, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ⁶⁴³Hellen Mediterranean Univ, Iraklion, Greece. ⁶⁴⁴Iran Univ Med Sci, Tehran, Iran. ⁶⁴⁵Ctr Diabet & Endocrine Care, Srinagar, India. ⁶⁴⁶Peking Univ First Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. ⁶⁴⁷Jiangsu Prov Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nanjing, Peoples R China. ⁶⁴⁸Sun Yat Sen Univ, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. ⁶⁴⁹West Kazakhstan Med Univ, Aktobe, Kazakhstan. ⁶⁵⁰Inner Mongolia Med Univ, Hohhot, Peoples R China. ⁶⁵¹Przedszkole 81, Warsaw, Poland. see all 
Series:	eLife
ISSN:	2050-084X
ISSN-E:	2050-084X
ISSN-L:	2050-084X
Volume:	10
Article number:	e60060
DOI:	10.7554/eLife.60060
OADOI:	https://oadoi.org/10.7554/eLife.60060
Type of Publication:	A1 Journal article – refereed
Field of Science:	3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
Subjects:	Article
Funding:	Wellcome Trust Majid Ezzatir Medical Research Council Maria LC Iurillir The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.
Copyright information:	This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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