Abstract

Folk medicine inevitably declined and was pushed into the margins with the spread of literacy and the proliferation of modern, scientific biomedicine. However, it remained the primary route to health in peripheral regions of Europe, such as rural Finland, well into the twentieth century. The spread of literacy affected folk medicine in ways that enhanced many folk practitioners’ healing resources. Drawing on newspaper articles, reports by medical doctors and journalists, written reminiscences by lay informants, and court records, this article argues that literate healers prescribing pharmacy medicines were far from a rare phenomenon in the Finnish countryside up to the early twentieth century. Finnish folk medicine became increasingly a hybrid medical practice, combining herbalism with methods learned from popular health guides and scientific literature. By discarding superstitious practices and employing hybrid methods, folk healers sought to enter modernity as peasant intellectuals. This article presents a novel analysis of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Finnish folk medicine not as a tradition passed from generation to generation but as a modernizing undertaking with literacy as a key resource.