Global maps of soil temperature

Lembrechts, Jonas J.; van den Hoogen, Johan; Aalto, Juha; Ashcroft, Michael B.; De Frenne, Pieter; Kemppinen, Julia; Kopecky, Martin; Luoto, Miska; Maclean, Ilya M. D.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Bailey, Joseph J.; Haesen, Stef; Klinges, David H.; Niittynen, Pekka; Scheffers, Brett R.; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad; Aartsma, Peter; Abdalaze, Otar; Abedi, Mehdi; Aerts, Rien; Ahmadian, Negar; Ahrends, Antje; Alatalo, Juha M.; Alexander, Jake M.; Allonsius, Camille Nina; Altman, Jan; Ammann, Christof; Andres, Christian; Andrews, Christopher; Ardo, Jonas; Arriga, Nicola; Arzac, Alberto; Aschero, Valeria; Assis, Rafael L.; Assmann, Jakob Johann; Bader, Maaike Y.; Bahalkeh, Khadijeh; Barancok, Peter; Barrio, Isabel C.; Barros, Agustina; Barthel, Matti; Basham, Edmund W.; Bauters, Marijn; Bazzichetto, Manuele; Marchesini, Luca Belelli; Bell, Michael C.; Benavides, Juan C.; Benito Alonso, Jose Luis; Berauer, Bernd J.; Bjerke, Jarle W.; Bjork, Robert G.; Bjorkman, Mats P.; Bjornsdottir, Katrin; Blonder, Benjamin; Boeckx, Pascal; Boike, Julia; Bokhorst, Stef; Brum, Barbara N. S.; Bruna, Josef; Buchmann, Nina; Buysse, Pauline; Camargo, Jose Luis; Campoe, Otavio C.; Candan, Onur; Canessa, Rafaella; Cannone, Nicoletta; Carbognani, Michele; Carnicer, Jofre; Casanova-Katny, Angelica; Cesarz, Simone; Chojnicki, Bogdan; Choler, Philippe; Chown, Steven L.; Cifuentes, Edgar F.; Ciliak, Marek; Contador, Tamara; Convey, Peter; Cooper, Elisabeth J.; Cremonese, Edoardo; Curasi, Salvatore R.; Curtis, Robin; Cutini, Maurizio; Dahlberg, C. Johan; Daskalova, Gergana N.; Angel de Pablo, Miguel; Della Chiesa, Stefano; Dengler, Juergen; Deronde, Bart; Descombes, Patrice; Di Cecco, Valter; Di Musciano, Michele; Dick, Jan; Dimarco, Romina D.; Dolezal, Jiri; Dorrepaal, Ellen; Dusek, Jiri; Eisenhauer, Nico; Eklundh, Lars; Erickson, Todd E.; Erschbamer, Brigitta; Eugster, Werner; Ewers, Robert M.; Exton, Dan A.; Fanin, Nicolas; Fazlioglu, Fatih; Feigenwinter, Iris; Fenu, Giuseppe; Ferlian, Olga; Fernandez Calzado, M. Rosa; Fernandez-Pascual, Eduardo; Finckh, Manfred; Higgens, Rebecca Finger; Forte, T'ai G. W.; Freeman, Erika C.; Frei, Esther R.; Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo; Garcia, Rafael A.; Garcia, Maria B.; Geron, Charly; Gharun, Mana; Ghosn, Dany; Gigauri, Khatuna; Gobin, Anne; Goded, Ignacio; Goeckede, Mathias; Gottschall, Felix; Goulding, Keith; Govaert, Sanne; Graae, Bente Jessen; Greenwood, Sarah; Greiser, Caroline; Grelle, Achim; Guenard, Benoit; Guglielmin, Mauro; Guillemot, Joannes; Haase, Peter; Haider, Sylvia; Halbritter, Aud H.; Hamid, Maroof; Hammerle, Albin; Hampe, Arndt; Haugum, Siri, V; Hederova, Lucia; Heinesch, Bernard; Helfter, Carole; Hepenstrick, Daniel; Herberich, Maximiliane; Herbst, Mathias; Hermanutz, Luise; Hik, David S.; Hoffren, Raul; Homeier, Juergen; Hörtnagl, Lukas; Hoye, Toke T.; Hrbacek, Filip; Hylander, Kristoffer; Iwata, Hiroki; Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni; Jactel, Herve; Jarveoja, Jarvi; Jastrzebowski, Szymon; Jentsch, Anke; Jimenez, Juan J.; Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg S.; Jucker, Tommaso; Jump, Alistair S.; Juszczak, Radoslaw; Kanka, Robert; Kaspar, Vit; Kazakis, George; Kelly, Julia; Khuroo, Anzar A.; Klemedtsson, Leif; Klisz, Marcin; Kljun, Natascha; Knohl, Alexander; Kobler, Johannes; Kollar, Jozef; Kotowska, Martyna M.; Kovacs, Bence; Kreyling, Juergen; Lamprecht, Andrea; Lang, Simone, I; Larson, Christian; Larson, Keith; Laska, Kamil; Maire, Guerric Ie; Leihy, Rachel, I; Lens, Luc; Liljebladh, Bengt; Lohila, Annalea; Lorite, Juan; Loubet, Benjamin; Lynn, Joshua; Macek, Martin; Mackenzie, Roy; Magliulo, Enzo; Maier, Regine; Malfasi, Francesco; Malis, Frantisek; Man, Matej; Manca, Giovanni; Manco, Antonio; Manise, Tanguy; Manolaki, Paraskevi; Marciniak, Felipe; Matula, Radim; Clara Mazzolari, Ana; Medinets, Sergiy; Medinets, Volodymyr; Meeussen, Camille; Merinero, Sonia; Guimaraes Mesquita, Rita de Cassia; Meusburger, Katrin; Meysman, Filip J. R.; Michaletz, Sean T.; Milbau, Ann; Moiseev, Dmitry; Moiseev, Pavel; Mondoni, Andrea; Monfries, Ruth; Montagnani, Leonardo; Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel; di Cella, Umberto Morra; Moersdorf, Martin; Mosedale, Jonathan R.; Muffler, Lena; Munoz-Rojas, Miriam; Myers, Jonathan A.; Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Nagy, Laszlo; Nardino, Marianna; Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona; Newling, Emily; Nicklas, Lena; Niedrist, Georg; Niessner, Armin; Nilsson, Mats B.; Normand, Signe; Nosetto, Marcelo D.; Nouvellon, Yann; Nunez, Martin A.; Ogaya, Roma; Ogee, Jerome; Okello, Joseph; Olejnik, Janusz; Olesen, Jorgen Eivind; Opedal, Oystein H.; Orsenigo, Simone; Palaj, Andrej; Pampuch, Timo; Panov, Alexey V.; Pärtel, Meelis; Pastor, Ada; Pauchard, Aníbal; Pauli, Harald; Pavelka, Marian; Pearse, William D.; Peichl, Matthias; Pellissier, Loïc; Penczykowski, Rachel M.; Penuelas, Josep; Petit Bon, Matteo; Petraglia, Alessandro; Phartyal, Shyam S.; Phoenix, Gareth K.; Pio, Casimiro; Pitacco, Andrea; Pitteloud, Camille; Plichta, Roman; Porro, Francesco; Portillo-Estrada, Miguel; Poulenard, Jérôme; Poyatos, Rafael; Prokushkin, Anatoly S.; Puchalka, Radoslaw; Pușcaș, Mihai; Radujković, Dajana; Randall, Krystal; Ratier Backes, Amanda; Remmele, Sabine; Remmers, Wolfram; Renault, David; Risch, Anita C.; Rixen, Christian; Robinson, Sharon A.; Robroek, Bjorn J. M.; Rocha, Adrian V.; Rossi, Christian; Rossi, Graziano; Roupsard, Olivier; Rubtsov, Alexey V.; Saccone, Patrick; Sagot, Clotilde; Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan; Santos, Cinthya C.; Sarneel, Judith M.; Scharnweber, Tobias; Schmeddes, Jonas; Schmidt, Marius; Scholten, Thomas; Schuchardt, Max; Schwartz, Naomi; Scott, Tony; Seeber, Julia; Segalin De Andrade, Ana Cristina; Seipel, Tim; Semenchuk, Philipp; Senior, Rebecca A.; Serra-Diaz, Josep M.; Sewerniak, Piotr; Shekhar, Ankit; Sidenko, Nikita V.; Siebicke, Lukas; Siegwart Collier, Laura; Simpson, Elizabeth; Siqueira, David P.; Sitková, Zuzana; Six, Johan; Smiljanic, Marko; Smith, Stuart W.; Smith-Tripp, Sarah; Somers, Ben; Sørensen, Mia Vedel; Souza, José João L. L.; Souza, Bartolomeu Israel; Dias, Arildo Souza; Spasojevic, Marko J.; Speed, James D. M.; Spicher, Fabien; Stanisci, Angela; Steinbauer, Klaus; Steinbrecher, Rainer; Steinwandter, Michael; Stemkovski, Michael; Stephan, Jörg G.; Stiegler, Christian; Stoll, Stefan; Svátek, Martin; Svoboda, Miroslav; Tagesson, Torbern; Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Tanneberger, Franziska; Theurillat, Jean-Paul; Thomas, Haydn J. D.; Thomas, Andrew D.; Tielbörger, Katja; Tomaselli, Marcello; Treier, Urs Albert; Trouillier, Mario; Turtureanu, Pavel Dan; Tutton, Rosamond; Tyystjärvi, Vilna A.; Ueyama, Masahito; Ujházy, Karol; Ujházyová, Mariana; Uogintas, Domas; Urban, Anastasiya V.; Urban, Josef; Urbaniak, Marek; Ursu, Tudor-Mihai; Vaccari, Francesco Primo; Van De Vondel, Stijn; Van Den Brink, Liesbeth; Van Geel, Maarten; Vandvik, Vigdis; Vangansbeke, Pieter; Varlagin, Andrej; Veen, G. F.; Veenendaal, Elmar; Venn, Susanna E.; Verbeeck, Hans; Verbrugggen, Erik; Verheijen, Frank G. A.; Villar, Luis; Vitale, Luca; Vittoz, Pascal; Vives-Ingla, Maria; Von Oppen, Jonathan; Walz, Josefine; Wang, Runxi; Wang, Yifeng; Way, Robert G.; Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M.; Weigel, Robert; Wild, Jan; Wilkinson, Matthew; Wilmking, Martin; Wingate, Lisa; Winkler, Manuela; Wipf, Sonja; Wohlfahrt, Georg; Xenakis, Georgios; Yang, Yan; Yu, Zicheng; Yu, Kailiang; Zellweger, Florian; Zhang, Jian; Zhang, Zhaochen; Zhao, Peng; Ziemblińska, Klaudia; Zimmermann, Reiner; Zong, Shengwei; Zyryanov, Viacheslav I.; Nijs, Ivan; Lenoir, Jonathan

JultikaUniversity of Oulu repository

	Lembrechts, J. J., van den Hoogen, J., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M. B., De Frenne, P., Kemppinen, J., Kopecký, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, I. M. D., Crowther, T. W., Bailey, J. J., Haesen, S., Klinges, D. H., Niittynen, P., Scheffers, B. R., Van Meerbeek, K., Aartsma, P., Abdalaze, O., Abedi, M., … Lenoir, J. (2022). Global maps of soil temperature. Global Change Biology, 28, 3110– 3144. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060 Global maps of soil temperature Saved in:
Author:	Lembrechts, Jonas J.¹; van den Hoogen, Johan²; Aalto, Juha^3,4; Ashcroft, Michael B.^5,6; De Frenne, Pieter⁷; Kemppinen, Julia⁸; Kopecky, Martin^9,10; Luoto, Miska⁴; Maclean, Ilya M. D.¹¹; Crowther, Thomas W.²; Bailey, Joseph J.¹²; Haesen, Stef¹³; Klinges, David H.^14,15; Niittynen, Pekka⁴; Scheffers, Brett R.¹⁶; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad¹³; Aartsma, Peter¹⁷; Abdalaze, Otar¹⁸; Abedi, Mehdi¹⁹; Aerts, Rien²⁰; Ahmadian, Negar¹⁹; Ahrends, Antje²¹; Alatalo, Juha M.²²; Alexander, Jake M.²; Allonsius, Camille Nina²³; Altman, Jan^9,10; Ammann, Christof²⁴; Andres, Christian²⁵; Andrews, Christopher²⁶; Ardo, Jonas²⁷; Arriga, Nicola²⁸; Arzac, Alberto²⁹; Aschero, Valeria^30,31; Assis, Rafael L.³²; Assmann, Jakob Johann^33,34; Bader, Maaike Y.³⁵; Bahalkeh, Khadijeh¹⁹; Barancok, Peter³⁶; Barrio, Isabel C.³⁷; Barros, Agustina³¹; Barthel, Matti²⁵; Basham, Edmund W.¹⁴; Bauters, Marijn³⁸; Bazzichetto, Manuele³⁹; Marchesini, Luca Belelli⁴⁰; Bell, Michael C.⁴¹; Benavides, Juan C.⁴²; Benito Alonso, Jose Luis⁴³; Berauer, Bernd J.^44,45; Bjerke, Jarle W.⁴⁶; Bjork, Robert G.^47,48; Bjorkman, Mats P.^47,48; Bjornsdottir, Katrin⁴⁹; Blonder, Benjamin⁵⁰; Boeckx, Pascal³⁸; Boike, Julia^51,52; Bokhorst, Stef²⁰; Brum, Barbara N. S.⁵³; Bruna, Josef⁹; Buchmann, Nina²⁵; Buysse, Pauline⁵⁴; Camargo, Jose Luis⁵⁵; Campoe, Otavio C.⁵⁶; Candan, Onur⁵⁷; Canessa, Rafaella^35,58; Cannone, Nicoletta⁵⁹; Carbognani, Michele⁶⁰; Carnicer, Jofre^61,62; Casanova-Katny, Angelica^63,64; Cesarz, Simone^65,66; Chojnicki, Bogdan⁶⁷; Choler, Philippe^68,69; Chown, Steven L.⁷⁰; Cifuentes, Edgar F.⁷¹; Ciliak, Marek⁷²; Contador, Tamara^73,74; Convey, Peter⁷⁵; Cooper, Elisabeth J.⁷⁶; Cremonese, Edoardo⁷⁷; Curasi, Salvatore R.⁷⁸; Curtis, Robin¹¹; Cutini, Maurizio⁷⁹; Dahlberg, C. Johan^80,81,82; Daskalova, Gergana N.⁸³; Angel de Pablo, Miguel⁸⁴; Della Chiesa, Stefano⁸⁵; Dengler, Juergen^65,86,87; Deronde, Bart⁸⁸; Descombes, Patrice⁸⁹; Di Cecco, Valter⁹⁰; Di Musciano, Michele⁹¹; Dick, Jan²⁶; Dimarco, Romina D.^92,93; Dolezal, Jiri^9,94; Dorrepaal, Ellen⁹⁵; Dusek, Jiri⁹⁶; Eisenhauer, Nico^65,66; Eklundh, Lars²⁷; Erickson, Todd E.^97,98; Erschbamer, Brigitta⁹⁹; Eugster, Werner²⁵; Ewers, Robert M.¹⁰⁰; Exton, Dan A.¹⁰¹; Fanin, Nicolas¹⁰²; Fazlioglu, Fatih⁵⁷; Feigenwinter, Iris²⁵; Fenu, Giuseppe¹⁰³; Ferlian, Olga^65,66; Fernandez Calzado, M. Rosa¹⁰⁴; Fernandez-Pascual, Eduardo¹⁰⁵; Finckh, Manfred¹⁰⁶; Higgens, Rebecca Finger¹⁰⁷; Forte, T'ai G. W.⁶⁰; Freeman, Erika C.¹⁰⁸; Frei, Esther R.^109,110,111; Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo^1,112,113; Garcia, Rafael A.^112,114; Garcia, Maria B.¹¹⁵; Geron, Charly^1,116; Gharun, Mana²⁵; Ghosn, Dany¹¹⁷; Gigauri, Khatuna¹¹⁸; Gobin, Anne^119,120; Goded, Ignacio²⁸; Goeckede, Mathias¹²¹; Gottschall, Felix^65,66; Goulding, Keith¹²²; Govaert, Sanne⁷; Graae, Bente Jessen¹²³; Greenwood, Sarah¹²⁴; Greiser, Caroline^80,81; Grelle, Achim¹²⁵; Guenard, Benoit¹²⁶; Guglielmin, Mauro¹²⁷; Guillemot, Joannes^128,129; Haase, Peter^130,131,132; Haider, Sylvia^65,133; Halbritter, Aud H.^134,135; Hamid, Maroof¹³⁶; Hammerle, Albin¹³⁷; Hampe, Arndt¹³⁸; Haugum, Siri, V^134,135,139; Hederova, Lucia⁹; Heinesch, Bernard¹⁴⁰; Helfter, Carole²⁶; Hepenstrick, Daniel¹⁴¹; Herberich, Maximiliane¹⁴²; Herbst, Mathias¹⁴³; Hermanutz, Luise¹⁴⁴; Hik, David S.¹⁴⁵; Hoffren, Raul¹⁴⁶; Homeier, Juergen^147,148; Hörtnagl, Lukas²⁵; Hoye, Toke T.¹⁴⁹; Hrbacek, Filip¹⁵⁰; Hylander, Kristoffer^80,81; Iwata, Hiroki¹⁵¹; Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni^27,152; Jactel, Herve¹³⁸; Jarveoja, Jarvi¹⁵³; Jastrzebowski, Szymon¹⁵⁴; Jentsch, Anke^45,155; Jimenez, Juan J.¹⁵⁶; Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg S.¹⁵⁷; Jucker, Tommaso¹⁵⁸; Jump, Alistair S.¹⁵⁹; Juszczak, Radoslaw⁶⁷; Kanka, Robert³⁶; Kaspar, Vit^9,160; Kazakis, George¹¹⁷; Kelly, Julia¹⁶¹; Khuroo, Anzar A.¹³⁶; Klemedtsson, Leif⁴⁷; Klisz, Marcin¹⁵⁴; Kljun, Natascha¹⁶¹; Knohl, Alexander¹⁶²; Kobler, Johannes¹⁶³; Kollar, Jozef³⁶; Kotowska, Martyna M.¹⁴⁸; Kovacs, Bence¹⁶⁴; Kreyling, Juergen¹⁶⁵; Lamprecht, Andrea^166,167; Lang, Simone, I¹⁶⁸; Larson, Christian¹⁶⁹; Larson, Keith⁹⁵; Laska, Kamil^149,170; Maire, Guerric Ie^128,129; Leihy, Rachel, I¹⁷¹; Lens, Luc¹⁷²; Liljebladh, Bengt⁴⁷; Lohila, Annalea^173,174; Lorite, Juan^104,175; Loubet, Benjamin⁵⁴; Lynn, Joshua^134,135; Macek, Martin⁹; Mackenzie, Roy⁷³; Magliulo, Enzo¹⁷⁶; Maier, Regine²⁵; Malfasi, Francesco⁵⁹; Malis, Frantisek¹⁷⁷; Man, Matej⁹; Manca, Giovanni²⁸; Manco, Antonio¹⁷⁶; Manise, Tanguy¹⁴⁰; Manolaki, Paraskevi^178,179,180; Marciniak, Felipe⁵³; Matula, Radim^10,181; Clara Mazzolari, Ana³¹; Medinets, Sergiy^182,183,184; Medinets, Volodymyr¹⁸²; Meeussen, Camille⁷; Merinero, Sonia^80,81; Guimaraes Mesquita, Rita de Cassia¹⁸⁵; Meusburger, Katrin¹¹¹; Meysman, Filip J. R.¹⁸⁶; Michaletz, Sean T.^187,188; Milbau, Ann¹⁸⁹; Moiseev, Dmitry¹⁹⁰; Moiseev, Pavel¹⁹⁰; Mondoni, Andrea¹⁹¹; Monfries, Ruth²¹; Montagnani, Leonardo¹⁹²; Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel⁷⁶; di Cella, Umberto Morra⁷⁷; Moersdorf, Martin¹⁹³; Mosedale, Jonathan R.¹¹; Muffler, Lena¹⁴⁸; Munoz-Rojas, Miriam^194,195; Myers, Jonathan A.¹⁹⁶; Myers-Smith, Isla H.⁸³; Nagy, Laszlo¹⁹⁷; Nardino, Marianna¹⁹⁸; Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona¹⁹⁹; Newling, Emily²⁰⁰; Nicklas, Lena⁹⁹; Niedrist, Georg²⁰¹; Niessner, Armin²⁰²; Nilsson, Mats B.¹⁵³; Normand, Signe^33,34; Nosetto, Marcelo D.^203,204,205; Nouvellon, Yann^128,129; Nunez, Martin A.^93,206; Ogaya, Roma^207,208; Ogee, Jerome¹⁰²; Okello, Joseph^38,209,210; Olejnik, Janusz²¹¹; Olesen, Jorgen Eivind¹⁸³; Opedal, Oystein H.²¹²; Orsenigo, Simone¹⁹¹; Palaj, Andrej³⁶; Pampuch, Timo²¹³; Panov, Alexey V.²¹⁴; Pärtel, Meelis²¹⁵; Pastor, Ada²¹⁶; Pauchard, Aníbal^217,218; Pauli, Harald²¹⁹; Pavelka, Marian²²⁰; Pearse, William D.^221,222; Peichl, Matthias²²³; Pellissier, Loïc^224,225; Penczykowski, Rachel M.²²⁶; Penuelas, Josep^227,228; Petit Bon, Matteo^229,230,231; Petraglia, Alessandro²³²; Phartyal, Shyam S.²³³; Phoenix, Gareth K.²³⁴; Pio, Casimiro²³⁵; Pitacco, Andrea²³⁶; Pitteloud, Camille^224,225; Plichta, Roman²³⁷; Porro, Francesco²³⁸; Portillo-Estrada, Miguel²³⁹; Poulenard, Jérôme²⁴⁰; Poyatos, Rafael^241,242; Prokushkin, Anatoly S.^243,214; Puchalka, Radoslaw^244,245; Pușcaș, Mihai^246,247,248; Radujković, Dajana²³⁹; Randall, Krystal^249,250; Ratier Backes, Amanda^251,252; Remmele, Sabine²⁵³; Remmers, Wolfram²⁵⁴; Renault, David^255,256; Risch, Anita C.²⁵⁷; Rixen, Christian^258,259; Robinson, Sharon A.^249,250; Robroek, Bjorn J. M.²⁶⁰; Rocha, Adrian V.²⁶¹; Rossi, Christian^262,263; Rossi, Graziano²³⁸; Roupsard, Olivier^264,265,266; Rubtsov, Alexey V.²⁴³; Saccone, Patrick²¹⁹; Sagot, Clotilde²⁶⁷; Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan^268,269; Santos, Cinthya C.²⁷⁰; Sarneel, Judith M.²⁷¹; Scharnweber, Tobias²¹³; Schmeddes, Jonas²⁷²; Schmidt, Marius²⁷³; Scholten, Thomas²⁷⁴; Schuchardt, Max²⁷⁵; Schwartz, Naomi²⁷⁶; Scott, Tony²⁷⁷; Seeber, Julia^278,279; Segalin De Andrade, Ana Cristina²⁷⁰; Seipel, Tim²⁸⁰; Semenchuk, Philipp²⁸¹; Senior, Rebecca A.²⁸²; Serra-Diaz, Josep M.²⁸³; Sewerniak, Piotr²⁸⁴; Shekhar, Ankit²⁸⁵; Sidenko, Nikita V.²¹⁴; Siebicke, Lukas²⁸⁶; Siegwart Collier, Laura^287,288; Simpson, Elizabeth²²¹; Siqueira, David P.²⁸⁹; Sitková, Zuzana²⁹⁰; Six, Johan²⁸⁵; Smiljanic, Marko²¹³; Smith, Stuart W.^291,292; Smith-Tripp, Sarah²⁹³; Somers, Ben²⁹⁴; Sørensen, Mia Vedel²⁹¹; Souza, José João L. L.²⁹⁵; Souza, Bartolomeu Israel²⁹⁶; Dias, Arildo Souza^270,297; Spasojevic, Marko J.²⁹⁸; Speed, James D. M.²⁹⁹; Spicher, Fabien³⁰⁰; Stanisci, Angela³⁰¹; Steinbauer, Klaus²¹⁹; Steinbrecher, Rainer³⁰²; Steinwandter, Michael²⁷⁹; Stemkovski, Michael²²¹; Stephan, Jörg G.³⁰³; Stiegler, Christian²⁸⁶; Stoll, Stefan^254,304; Svátek, Martin²³⁷; Svoboda, Miroslav³⁰⁵; Tagesson, Torbern^306,307; Tanentzap, Andrew J.³⁰⁸; Tanneberger, Franziska³⁰⁹; Theurillat, Jean-Paul^310,311; Thomas, Haydn J. D.³¹²; Thomas, Andrew D.³¹³; Tielbörger, Katja³¹⁴; Tomaselli, Marcello²³²; Treier, Urs Albert^315,316; Trouillier, Mario²¹³; Turtureanu, Pavel Dan^246,248,317; Tutton, Rosamond³¹⁸; Tyystjärvi, Vilna A.^319,320; Ueyama, Masahito³²¹; Ujházy, Karol³²²; Ujházyová, Mariana³²³; Uogintas, Domas³²⁴; Urban, Anastasiya V.^237,214; Urban, Josef^243,237; Urbaniak, Marek³²⁵; Ursu, Tudor-Mihai³²⁶; Vaccari, Francesco Primo³²⁷; Van De Vondel, Stijn³²⁸; Van Den Brink, Liesbeth³¹⁴; Van Geel, Maarten³²⁹; Vandvik, Vigdis³³⁰; Vangansbeke, Pieter³³¹; Varlagin, Andrej³³²; Veen, G. F.³³³; Veenendaal, Elmar³³⁴; Venn, Susanna E.³³⁵; Verbeeck, Hans³³⁶; Verbrugggen, Erik²³⁹; Verheijen, Frank G. A.³³⁷; Villar, Luis³³⁸; Vitale, Luca³³⁹; Vittoz, Pascal³⁴⁰; Vives-Ingla, Maria²⁴¹; Von Oppen, Jonathan^315,316; Walz, Josefine³⁴¹; Wang, Runxi³⁴²; Wang, Yifeng³¹⁸; Way, Robert G.³⁴³; Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M.²⁹¹; Weigel, Robert³⁴⁴; Wild, Jan^229,345; Wilkinson, Matthew³⁴⁶; Wilmking, Martin²¹³; Wingate, Lisa³⁴⁷; Winkler, Manuela²¹⁹; Wipf, Sonja^258,262; Wohlfahrt, Georg²⁷⁸; Xenakis, Georgios³⁴⁸; Yang, Yan³⁴⁹; Yu, Zicheng^350,350; Yu, Kailiang³⁵¹; Zellweger, Florian²⁵⁷; Zhang, Jian³⁵²; Zhang, Zhaochen³⁵²; Zhao, Peng²²³; Ziemblińska, Klaudia³²⁵; Zimmermann, Reiner^253,353; Zong, Shengwei³⁵⁴; Zyryanov, Viacheslav I.²¹⁴; Nijs, Ivan²³⁹; Lenoir, Jonathan³⁰⁰
Organizations:	¹Univ Antwerp, Res Grp PLECO Plants & Ecosyst, Antwerp, Belgium. ²Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Environm Syst Sci, Inst Integrat Biol, Zurich, Switzerland. ³Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki, Finland. ⁴Univ Helsinki, Dept Geosci & Geog, Helsinki, Finland. ⁵Univ Wollongong, Ctr Sustainable Ecosyst Solut, Sch Earth Atmospher & Life Sci, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. ⁶Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ⁷Univ Ghent, Dept Environm, Forest & Nat Lab, Melle Gontrode, Belgium. ⁸Univ Oulu, Geog Res Unit, Oulu, Finland. ⁹Czech Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Pruhonice, Czech Republic. ¹⁰Czech Univ Life Sci Prague, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic. ¹¹Univ Exeter, Environm & Sustainabil Inst, Penryn Campus, Penryn, England. ¹²York St John Univ, Dept Geog, York, N Yorkshire, England. ¹³Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Leuven, Belgium. ¹⁴Univ Florida, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Gainesville, FL USA. ¹⁵Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. ¹⁶Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL USA. ¹⁷Univ South Eastern Norway, Dept Nat Sci & Environm Hlth, Bo, Norway. ¹⁸Ilia State Univ, Inst Ecol, Alpine Ecosyst Res Program, Tbilisi, Georgia. ¹⁹Tarbiat Modares Univ, Fac Nat Resources & Marine Sci, Dept Range Management, Noor, Iran. ²⁰Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Ecol Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ²¹Royal Bot Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. ²²Qatar Univ, Environm Sci Ctr, Doha, Qatar. ²³Univ Antwerp, Res Grp ECOBE, Antwerp, Belgium. ²⁴Agroscope Res Inst, Dept Agroecol & Environm, Zurich, Switzerland. ²⁵Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Environm Syst Sci, Zurich, Switzerland. ²⁶UK Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland. ²⁷Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, Lund, Sweden. ²⁸Joint Res Ctr JRC, European Commiss, Ispra, Italy. ²⁹Siberian Fed Univ, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. ³⁰Univ Nacl Cuyo, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Mendoza, Argentina. ³¹CCT Mendoza, Inst Argentino Nivol Glaciol & Ciencias Ambiental, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. ³²Univ Oslo, Nat Hist Museum, Oslo, Norway. ³³Aarhus Univ, Ctr Sustainable Landscapes Global Change, Dept Biol, Aarhus C, Denmark. ³⁴Aarhus Univ, Ctr Biodivers Dynam Changing World, Dept Biol, Aarhus C, Denmark. ³⁵Univ Marburg, Fac Geog, Ecol Plant Geog, Marburg, Germany. ³⁶Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Landscape Ecol, Bratislava, Slovakia. ³⁷Agr Univ Iceland, Fac Environm & Forest Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland. ³⁸Univ Ghent, Isotope Biosci Lab ISOFYS, Ghent, Belgium. ³⁹Univ Rennes, CNRS, EcoBio Ecosyst Biodiversite Evolut UMR 6553, Rennes, France. ⁴⁰Fdn Edmund Mach, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, Res & Innovat Ctr, San Michele All Adige, Italy. ⁴¹Alice Holt Lodge, Forest Res, Farnham, Surrey, England. ⁴²Pontificia Univ Javeriana, Dept Ecol, Bogota, Colombia. ⁴³Jolube Consultor Bot, Jaca, Huesca, Spain. ⁴⁴Univ Hohenheim, Inst Landscape & Plant Ecol, Dept Plant Ecol, Stuttgart, Germany. ⁴⁵Univ Bayreuth, BayCEER, Disturbance Ecol, Bayreuth, Germany. ⁴⁶Norwegian Inst Nat Res, FRAM High North Res Ctr Climate & Environm, Tromso, Norway. ⁴⁷Univ Gothenburg, Dept Earth Sci, Gothenburg, Sweden. ⁴⁸Gothenburg Global Biodivers Ctr, Gothenburg, Sweden. ⁴⁹Univ Gothenburg, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Gothenburg, Sweden. ⁵⁰Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ⁵¹Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Alfred Wegener Inst, Telegrafenberg A45, Potsdam, Germany. ⁵²Humboldt Univ, Geog Dept, Berlin, Germany. ⁵³Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Posgrad Ciencias Florestas Tropicais, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. ⁵⁴Univ Paris Saclay, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS INRAE, Paris, France. ⁵⁵Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, BDFFP, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. ⁵⁶Univ Fed Lavras, Dept Forest Sci, Lavras, Brazil. ⁵⁷Ordu Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ordu, Turkey. ⁵⁸Univ Tubingen, Dept Evolut & Ecol, Plant Ecol Grp, Tubingen, Germany. ⁵⁹Insubria Univ, Dept Sci & High Technol, Como, Italy. ⁶⁰Univ Parma, Dept Chem Life Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Parma, Italy. ⁶¹Univ Barcelona, Biodivers Res Inst IRBio, Dept Evolutionary Biol Ecol & Environm Sci, Barcelona, Spain. ⁶²CREAF, E-08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola Del, Spain. ⁶³Univ Catolica Temuco, Lab Ecofisiol Vegetal & Cambio Climat, Dept Ciencias Vet & Salud Publ, Campus Luis Rivas del Canto, Temuco, Chile. ⁶⁴Univ Catolica Temuco, Fac Recursos Nat, Nucleo Estudios Ambientales NEA, Temuco, Chile. ⁶⁵German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany. ⁶⁶Univ Leipzig, Inst Biol, Leipzig, Germany. ⁶⁷Poznan Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Environm Protect, Lab Bioclimatol, Poznan, Poland. ⁶⁸Univ Grenoble Alpes, Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, LECA, CNRS, Grenoble, France. ⁶⁹Univ Grenoble Alpes, Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France. ⁷⁰Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Securing Antarct Environm Future, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ⁷¹Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Forest Ecol & Conservat Grp, Cambridge, England. ⁷²Tech Univ Zvolen, Fac Ecol & Environm Sci, Zvolen, Slovakia. ⁷³Univ Austral Chile, Millennium Inst Biodivers Antarctic & Subantarct, Valdivia, Chile. ⁷⁴Cape Horn Int Ctr CHIC, Puerto Williams, Chile. ⁷⁵NERC, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, England. ⁷⁶UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Fac Biosci Fisheries & Econ, Dept Arctic & Marine Biol, Tromso, Norway. ⁷⁷Environm Protect Agcy Aosta Valley, Climate Change Unit, St Christophe, Italy. ⁷⁸Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. ⁷⁹Univ Roma Tre, Dept Sci, Rome, Italy. ⁸⁰Stockholm Univ, Dept Ecol Environm & Plant Sci, Stockholm, Sweden. ⁸¹Stockholm Univ, Bolin Ctr Climate Res, Stockholm, Sweden. ⁸²Cty Adm Board Vastra Gotaland, Gothenburg, Sweden. ⁸³Univ Edinburgh, Sch GeoSci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. ⁸⁴Univ Alcala, Dept Geol Geog & Environm, Madrid, Spain. ⁸⁵Tech Univ Dresden, Chair Geoinformat, Dresden, Germany. ⁸⁶ZHAW Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Inst Nat Resource Sci IUNR, Vegetat Ecol, Wadenswil, Switzerland. ⁸⁷Univ Bayreuth, Bayreuth Ctr Ecol & Environm Res BayCEER, Plant Ecol, Bayreuth, Germany. ⁸⁸VITO TAP, Mol, Belgium. ⁸⁹Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. ⁹⁰Majella Natl Pk, Majella Seed Bank, Colle Madonna, Lama Dei Pelign, Italy. ⁹¹Univ Aquila, Dept Life Hlth & Environm Sci, Laquila, Italy. ⁹²IFAB INTA CONICET, Grp Ecol Poblac Insectos, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. ⁹³Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX USA. ⁹⁴Univ South Bohemia, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. ⁹⁵Umea Univ, Climate Impacts Res Ctr, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Abisko, Sweden. ⁹⁶Acad Sci Czech Republ, Global Change Res Inst, Prague, Czech Republic. ⁹⁷Univ Western Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Crawley, WA, Australia. ⁹⁸Kings Pk Sci, Dept Biodivers Conservat & Attract, Kings Pk, Australia. ⁹⁹Univ Innsbruck, Fac Biol, Dept Bot, Innsbruck, Austria. ¹⁰⁰Imperial Coll London, Ascot, Berks, England. ¹⁰¹Operat Wallacea, Lincoln, Lincs, England. ¹⁰²Bordeaux Sci Agro, INRAE, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave Dornon, France. ¹⁰³Univ Cagliari, Dept Life & Environm Sci, Cagliari, Italy. ¹⁰⁴Univ Granada, Dept Bot, Granada, Spain. ¹⁰⁵Univ Oviedo, IMIB Biodivers Res Inst, Mieres, Spain. ¹⁰⁶Univ Hamburg, Inst Plant Sci & Microbiol, Hamburg, Germany. ¹⁰⁷Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. ¹⁰⁸Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Ecosyst & Global Change Grp, Cambridge, England. ¹⁰⁹WSL Inst Snow & Avalanche Res SLF, Davos, Switzerland. ¹¹⁰Climate Change Extremes & Nat Hazards Alpine Reg, Davos, Switzerland. ¹¹¹Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. ¹¹²Univ Concepcion, Fac Ciencias Forestales, Lab Invas Biol LIB, Concepcion, Chile. ¹¹³Adventist Univ Chile, Sch Educ & Social Sci, Chillan, Chile. ¹¹⁴Inst Ecol & Biodiversidad IEB, Santiago, Chile. ¹¹⁵Pyrenean Inst Ecol CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain. ¹¹⁶Univ Liege, TERRA Res Ctr, Biodivers & Landscape, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium. ¹¹⁷Mediterranean Agron Inst Chania, Dept Geoinformat Environm Management, Khania, Greece. ¹¹⁸Georgian Inst Publ Affairs, Dept Environm Management & Policy, Tbilisi, Georgia. ¹¹⁹Flemish Inst Technol Res, Mol, Belgium. ¹²⁰KULeuven, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Fac BioSci Engn, Leuven, Belgium. ¹²¹Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Dept Biogeochem Signals, Jena, Germany. ¹²²Rothamsted Res, Sustainable Agr Sci Dept, Harpenden, Herts, England. ¹²³Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Trondheim, Norway. ¹²⁴Univ Edinburgh, Biodivers Wildlife & Ecosyst Hlth Biomed Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. ¹²⁵Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ecol, Uppsala, Sweden. ¹²⁶Univ Hong Kong, Sch Biol Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. ¹²⁷Insubria Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Sci, Varese, Italy. ¹²⁸CIRAD, UMR Eco & Sols, Montpellier, France. ¹²⁹Univ Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, INRAE, CIRAD,IRD,UMR Eco & Sols, Montpellier, France. ¹³⁰Senckenberg Res Inst, Gelnhausen, Germany. ¹³¹Nat Hist Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany. ¹³²Univ Duisburg Essen, Fac Biol, Essen, Germany. ¹³³Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biol Geobot & Bot Garden, Halle, Saale, Germany. ¹³⁴Univ Bergen, Dept Biol Sci, Bergen, Norway. ¹³⁵Univ Bergen, Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, Bergen, Norway. ¹³⁶Univ Kashmir, Ctr Biodivers & Taxon, Dept Bot, Srinagar, India. ¹³⁷Univ Innsbruck, Dept Ecol, Innsbruck, Austria. ¹³⁸Univ Bordeaux, BIOGECO, INRAE, Cestas, France. ¹³⁹Heathland Ctr, Alver, Norway. ¹⁴⁰Univ Liege, Fac Gembloux Agrobio Tech, TERRA Teaching & Res Ctr, Gembloux, Belgium. ¹⁴¹ZHAW Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Inst Nat Resource Sci, Vegetat Ecol, Gruental, Switzerland. ¹⁴²Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci Vienna BOKU, Inst Bot, Vienna, Austria. ¹⁴³Ctr Agrometeorol Res ZAMF, German Meteorol Serv DWD, Braunschweig, Germany. ¹⁴⁴Mem Univ, Dept Biol, St John, NF, Canada. ¹⁴⁵Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC, Canada. ¹⁴⁶Univ Zaragoza, Dept Geog, Zaragoza, Spain. ¹⁴⁷HAWK Univ Appl Sci & Arts, Fac Resource Management, Gottingen, Germany. ¹⁴⁸Georg August Univ Gottingen, Albrecht von Haller Inst Plant Sci, Plant Ecol, Gottingen, Germany. ¹⁴⁹Aarhus Univ, Dept Ecosci & Arctic Res Ctr, Ronde, Denmark. ¹⁵⁰Masaryk Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Geog, Brno, Czech Republic. ¹⁵¹Shinshu Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan. ¹⁵²Aarhus Univ, Dept Ecosci & Arctic Res Ctr, Roskilde, Denmark. ¹⁵³Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Umea, Sweden. ¹⁵⁴Forest Res Inst, Dept Silviculture & Forest Tree Genet, Raszyn, Poland. ¹⁵⁵Bayreuth Ctr Ecol & Environm Res, Bayreuth, Germany. ¹⁵⁶Pyrenean Inst Ecol, ARAID IPE CSIC, Avda Llano de la Victoria, Aragon, Spain. ¹⁵⁷Univ Iceland, Life & Environm Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland. ¹⁵⁸Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol, Avon, England. ¹⁵⁹Univ Stirling, Fac Nat Sci Biol & Environm Sci, Stirling, Scotland. ¹⁶⁰Czech Univ Life Sci Prague, Fac Environm Sci, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic. ¹⁶¹Lund Univ, Ctr Environm & Climate Sci, Lund, Sweden. ¹⁶²Univ Gottingen, Bioclimatol, Gottingen, Germany. ¹⁶³Environm Agcy Austria, Vienna, Austria. ¹⁶⁴Inst Ecol & Bot, Ctr Ecol Res, Vacratot, Hungary. ¹⁶⁵Univ Greifswald, Inst Bot & Landscape Ecol, Expt Plant Ecol, Greifswald, Germany. ¹⁶⁶Austrian Acad Sci OAW, Inst Interdisciplinary Mt Res, GLORIA Coordinat, Vienna, Austria. ¹⁶⁷Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci, Dept Integrat Biol & Biodivers Res, Vienna, Austria. ¹⁶⁸Univ Ctr Svalbard UNIS, Dept Arctic Biol, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. ¹⁶⁹Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ¹⁷⁰Univ South Bohemia, Fac Sci, Ctr Polar Ecol, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. ¹⁷¹Monash Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. ¹⁷²Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Terr Ecol Unit, Ghent, Belgium. ¹⁷³Finnish Meteorol Inst, Climate Syst Res, Helsinki, Finland. ¹⁷⁴Univ Helsinki, Fac Sci, INAR Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res Phys, Helsinki, Finland. ¹⁷⁵Univ Granada, Interuniv Inst Earth Syst Res, Granada, Spain. ¹⁷⁶CNR Inst Agr & Forestry Syst Mediterranean, Naples, Italy. ¹⁷⁷Tech Univ Zvolen, Fac Forestry, Zvolen, Slovakia. ¹⁷⁸Open Univ Cyprus, Sch Pure & Appl Sci, Environm Conservat & Management Programme, Latsia, Cyprus. ¹⁷⁹Aarhus Univ, Dept Biol, Aarhus C, Denmark. ¹⁸⁰Aarhus Inst Adv Studies, AIAS Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 6B, Aarhus, Denmark. ¹⁸¹Mendel Univ Brno, Fac Forestry & Wood Technol, Dept Forest Bot Dendrol & Geobiocoenol, Brno, Czech Republic. ¹⁸²Odesa Natl II Mechnikov Univ, Reg Ctr Integrated Environm Monitoring, Odesa, Ukraine. ¹⁸³Aarhus Univ, Dept Agroecol, Tjele, Denmark. ¹⁸⁴NGO New Energy, Kharkiv, Ukraine. ¹⁸⁵Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Coordenacao Dinam Ambiental, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. ¹⁸⁶Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, Antwerp, Belgium. ¹⁸⁷Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ¹⁸⁸Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC, Canada. ¹⁸⁹Dept Environm, Antwerp, Province Of Ant, Belgium. ¹⁹⁰Russian Acad Sci, Ural Div, Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ekaterinburg, Russia. ¹⁹¹Univ Pavia, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Pavia, Italy. ¹⁹²Free Univ Bolzano, Fac Sci & Technol, Bolzano, Italy. ¹⁹³Univ Freiburg, Chair Geobot, Freiburg, Germany. ¹⁹⁴UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Ctr Ecosyst Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia. ¹⁹⁵Univ Seville, Dept Plant Biol & Ecol, Seville, Spain. ¹⁹⁶Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. ¹⁹⁷Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Dept Anim Biol, Campinas, Brazil. ¹⁹⁸CNR, Inst BioEcon, Bologna, Italy. ¹⁹⁹Carleton Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Environm & Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ²⁰⁰Deakin Univ, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Burwood, Vic, Australia. ²⁰¹Eurac Res, Inst Alpine Environm, Bolzano, Italy. ²⁰²Univ Hohenheim, Inst Biol, Dept Mol Bot, Stuttgart, Germany. ²⁰³Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Matemat Aplicada San Luis, IMASL, San Luis, Argentina. ²⁰⁴Univ Nacl San Luis, San Luis, Argentina. ²⁰⁵Catedra Climatol Agr FCA UNER, Entre Rios, Argentina. ²⁰⁶Univ Nacl Comahue, INIBIOMA, Grp Ecol Invas, CONICET, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. ²⁰⁷Global Ecol Unit CREAF CSIC UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain. ²⁰⁸CREAF, Barcelona, Spain. ²⁰⁹Mt Moon Univ, Ft Portal, Uganda. ²¹⁰Natl Agr Res Org, Mbarara Zonal Agr Res & Dev Inst, Mbarara, Uganda. ²¹¹Poznan Univ Life Sci, Fac Environm Engn & Mech Engn, Dept Construct & Geoengn, Lab Meteorol, Poznan, Poland. ²¹²Lund Univ, Dept Biol, Lund, Sweden. ²¹³Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ²¹⁴V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia ²¹⁵Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia ²¹⁶Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark ²¹⁷Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile ²¹⁸Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile ²¹⁹GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria ²²⁰Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic ²²¹Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA ²²²Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Ascot, Berkshire, UK ²²³Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden ²²⁴Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ²²⁵Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ²²⁶Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA ²²⁷CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ²²⁸CREAF, Spain ²²⁹Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic ²³⁰Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway ²³¹Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway ²³²Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy ²³³School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, India ²³⁴School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK ²³⁵CESAM & Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal ²³⁶Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy ²³⁷Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ²³⁸Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy ²³⁹Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium ²⁴⁰Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France ²⁴¹CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain ²⁴²Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain ²⁴³Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia ²⁴⁴Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland ²⁴⁵Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland ²⁴⁶A. Borza Botanic Garden, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ²⁴⁷Faculty of Biology and Geology, Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ²⁴⁸E. G. Racoviță Institute, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ²⁴⁹Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia ²⁵⁰Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia ²⁵¹German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany ²⁵²Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany ²⁵³Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany ²⁵⁴University of Applied Sciences Trier, Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Birkenfeld, Germany ²⁵⁵Université de Rennes, CNRS, EcoBio (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, Rennes, France ²⁵⁶Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France ²⁵⁷Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ²⁵⁸WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland ²⁵⁹Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland ²⁶⁰Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Environmental and Biological Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ²⁶¹Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA ²⁶²Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Zernez, Switzerland ²⁶³Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ²⁶⁴CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Dakar, Senegal ²⁶⁵Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France ²⁶⁶LMI IESOL, Centre IRD-ISRA de Bel Air, Dakar, Senegal ²⁶⁷Parc national des Ecrins - Domaine de Charance, France ²⁶⁸Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú ²⁶⁹Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Wilhelm L. Johannsen, Cusco, Perú ²⁷⁰Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil ²⁷¹Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden ²⁷²Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ²⁷³Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3): Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany ²⁷⁴Chair of Soil Science and Geomorphology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany ²⁷⁵Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany ²⁷⁶Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ²⁷⁷Sustainable Agricultural Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK ²⁷⁸Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria ²⁷⁹Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy ²⁸⁰Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA ²⁸¹Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Vienna, Austria ²⁸²Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA ²⁸³Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Nancy, France ²⁸⁴Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland ²⁸⁵Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ²⁸⁶Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ²⁸⁷Dept of Biology, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada ²⁸⁸Terra Nova National Park, Parks Canada Agency, Glovertown, Newfoundland, Canada ²⁸⁹Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ²⁹⁰National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia ²⁹¹Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ²⁹²Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ²⁹³Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada ²⁹⁴Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Leuven, Belgium ²⁹⁵Soil Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazil ²⁹⁶Departamento de Geociências. Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa - PB, Brasil ²⁹⁷Department of Physical Geography, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ²⁹⁸Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA ²⁹⁹Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ³⁰⁰UMR 7058 CNRS ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN), Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France ³⁰¹EnvixLab, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Termoli, Italy ³⁰²Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany ³⁰³Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Uppsala, Sweden ³⁰⁴Faculty for Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany ³⁰⁵Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic ³⁰⁶Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ³⁰⁷Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ³⁰⁸Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ³⁰⁹Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany ³¹⁰Foundation J.-M. Aubert, Champex-Lac, Switzerland ³¹¹Département de Botanique et Biologie végétale, Université de Genève, Chambésy, Switzerland ³¹²School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ³¹³Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK ³¹⁴Plant Ecology Group, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ³¹⁵Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global Change, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark ³¹⁶Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark ³¹⁷Center for Systematic Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources - 3B, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania ³¹⁸Northern Environmental Geoscience Laboratory, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada ³¹⁹Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland ³²⁰Finnish Meteorological Inst, Helsinki, Finland ³²¹Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan ³²²Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia ³²³Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia ³²⁴Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania ³²⁵Laboratory of Meteorology, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland ³²⁶Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania ³²⁷CNR Institute for BioEconomy, Firenze, Italy ³²⁸The Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerpen), Belgium ³²⁹Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium ³³⁰Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ³³¹Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium ³³²A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ³³³Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands ³³⁴Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands ³³⁵Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia ³³⁶CAVElab - Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium ³³⁷Earth Surface Processes Team, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal ³³⁸Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, IPE-CSIC. Av. Llano de la Victoria, Jaca (Huesca), Spain ³³⁹CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Portici, Italy ³⁴⁰Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, Switzerland ³⁴¹Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Abisko, Sweden ³⁴²School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ³⁴³Laboratory, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada ³⁴⁴Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ³⁴⁵Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic ³⁴⁶Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, UK ³⁴⁷INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France ³⁴⁸Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, UK ³⁴⁹Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, P.R. China ³⁵⁰MOE Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China ³⁵¹High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA ³⁵²Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China ³⁵³Ecological-Botanical Gardens, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany ³⁵⁴Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Format:	article
Version:	published version
Access:	open
Online Access:	PDF Full Text (PDF, 6.7 MB)
Persistent link:	http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022092360045
Language:	English
Published:	John Wiley & Sons, 2022
Publish Date:	2022-09-23
Description:	Abstract Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. see all 
Series:	Global change biology
ISSN:	1354-1013
ISSN-E:	1365-2486
ISSN-L:	1354-1013
Volume:	28
Issue:	9
Pages:	3110 - 3144
DOI:	10.1111/gcb.16060
OADOI:	https://oadoi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060
Type of Publication:	A1 Journal article – refereed
Field of Science:	1172 Environmental sciences
Subjects:	bioclimatic variables global maps microclimate near-surface temperatures soil temperature soil-dwelling organisms temperature offset weather stations Article
Funding:	JJL received funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (grant nr. 12P1819N). The project received funding from the Research Foundation Flanders (grants nrs, G018919N, W001919N). JVDH and TWC received funding from DOB Ecology. JA received funding from the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science (MICROCLIM, grant nr. 7510145) and Academy of Finland Flagship (grant no. 337552). PDF, CM and PV received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Starting Grant FORMICA 757833). JK received funding from the Arctic Interactions at the University of Oulu and Academy of Finland (318930, Profi 4), Maaja vesitekniikan tuki ry., Tiina and Antti Herlin Foundation, Nordenskiold Samfundet and Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. MK received funding from the Czech Science Foundation (grant nr. 20-28119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant nr. RVO 67985939). TWC received funding from National Geographic Society grant no. 9480-14 and WW-240R-17. MA received funding from CISSC (program ICRP (grant nr:2397) and INSF (grant nr: 96005914). The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is supported by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division. JMA received funding from the Funding Org. Qatar Petroleum Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant no. 678841) and from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 31003A_176044). JA was supported by research grants LTAUSA19137 (program INTER-EXCELLENCE, subprogram INTER-ACTION) provided by Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports and 20-05840Y of the Czech Science Foundation. AA was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant FSRZ-2020-0014). SN, UAT, JJA, and JvO received funding from the Independent Research Fund Denmark Research Foundation within the Priority Program SPP-1803 'EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota' (grant TI 338/14-1&2 and BA 3843/6-1). PB was supported by grant project VEGA of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences No. 2/0132/18. Forest Research received funding from the Forestry Commission (climate change research programme). JCB acknowledges the support of Universidad Javeriana. JLBA received funding from the Direccion General de Cambio Climatico del Gobierno de Aragon; JLBA acknowledges fieldwork assistance by Ana Acin, the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, and the Servicio de Medio Ambiente de Soria de la Junta de Castilla y Leon. RGB and MPB received funding from BECC - Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate. MPB received funding from The European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 657627 and The Swedish Research Council FORMAS - future research leaders No. 2016-01187. JB received funding from the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant nr. RVO 67985939). NB received funding from the SNF (grant numbers 40FA40_154245, 20FI21_148992, 20FI20_173691, 407340_172433) and from the EU (contract no. 774124). ICOS EU research infrastructure. EU FP7 NitroEurope. EU FP7 ECLAIRE.; The authors from Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Brazil were supported by the MCTI/CNPq/FNDCT - AcAo Transversal no68/2013 - Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazonia - LBA; Project 'Como as florestas da Amazonia Central respondem as variacoes climaticas? Efeitos sobre dinamica florestal e sinergia com a fragmentacAo florestal'. This is the study 829 of the BDFFP Technical Series. to The EUCFLUX Cooperative Research Program and Forest Science and Research Institute-IPEF. NC acknowledges funding by Stelvio National Park. JC was funded by the Spanish government grant CGL2016-78093-R. ANID-FONDECYT 1181745 AND INSTITUTO ANTARTICO CHILENO (INACH FR-0418). SC received funding from the German Research Foundation (grant no. DFG- FZT 118, 202548816). The National Science Foundation, Poland (grant no. UMO-2017/27/B/ST10/02228), within the framework of the 'Carbon dioxide uptake potential of sphagnum peatlands in the context of atmospheric optical parameters and climate changes' (KUSCO2) project. SLC received funding from the South African National Research Foundation and the Australian Research Council. FM, M, KU and MU received funding from Slovak Research and Development Agency (no. APVV-19-0319). Instituto Antartico Chileno (INACH_RT-48_16), Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio Nucleo Milenio de Salmonidos Invasores INVASAL, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170008. PC is supported by NERC core funding to the BAS 'Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation Team. EJC received funding from the Norwegian Research Council (grant number 230970). GND was supported by NERC E3 doctoral training partnership grant (NE/L002558/1) at the University of Edinburgh and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Monitoring stations on Livingston Island, Antarctica, were funded by different research projects of the Gobern of Spain (PERMAPLANET CTM2009-10165-E; ANTARPERMA CTM2011-15565-E; PERMASNOW CTM2014-52021-R), and the PERMATHERMAL arrangement between the University of Alcala and the Spanish Polar Committee. GN received funding from the Autonomous Province of Bolzano was funded historically in part by ScotNature and NERC National Capability LTS-S: UK-SCAPE; NE/R016429/1). JD was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (GA17-19376S) and MSMT (LTAUSA18007). ED received funding from the Kempe Foundation (JCK-1112 and JCK-1822). The infrastructure was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Programme I (NPU I), grant number LO1415 and by the project for national infrastructure support CzeCOS/ICOS Reg. No. LM2015061. NE received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG- FZT 118, 202548816). BE received funding from the GLORIA-EU project no EVK2-CT2000-00056, the Autonomous Province of Bolzano (ITA), from the Tiroler Wissenschaftsfonds and from the University of Innsbruck. RME was supported by funding to the SAFE Project from the Sime Darby Foundation. OF received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG- FZT 118, 202548816). EFP was supported by the Jardin Botanico Atlantico Education and Research (BMBF) in the context of The Future Okavango received funding from ANID PIA / BASAL FB210006.; RAG received funding from Fondecyt 11170516, CONICYT PIA AFB170008 and ANID PIA / BASAL FB210006. MBG received funding from National Parks (DYNBIO, #1656/2015) and The Spanish Research Agency (VULBIMON, #CGL2017-90040-R). MG received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (ICOS-CH Phase 2 20FI20_173691). FG received funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG- FZT 118, 202548816). KG and TS received funding from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (grant = 206/D16053). SG was supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) INFRAIA project eLTER-PLUS (871128), the project LTER-CWN (FFG, F&E Infrastrukturforderung, project number 858024) and the Austrian Climate Research Program (ACRP7 - CentForCSink - KR14AC7K11960). SH and ARB received funding through iDiv funded by the German Research Foundation Foundation (grant nr. 20-28119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences Ministry of Science, Research and Arts via the project DRIeR (Drought impacts, processes and resilience: making the in-visible visible). LH received funding from International Polar Year, Weston Foundation, and ArcticNet. DH received funding from Natural Sciences and Engineering Council (Canada) (RGPIN-06691). TTH received funding from Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant no. 8021-00423B) and Villum Foundation Republic (projects LM2015078, VAN2020/01 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001708). KH, CG and CJD received funding from Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University and from the Swedish research council Formas [grant n:o 2014-00530 to KH]. JJ received funding from the Funding Org. Swedish Forest Society Foundation Ministry of Education and Research BMBF (Grant Nr. FKZ 031B0516C SUSALPS) and the Oberfrankenstiftung (Grant Nr. OFS FP00237). ISJ received funding from the Energy Research Fund (NYR-11 - 2019, NYR-18 - 2020). TJ was supported by a UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship Centre of Poland (grant number: 2016/21/B/ST10/02271) and Polish National Centre for Research and Development (grant number: Pol-Nor/203258/31/2013). VK received funding from the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant nr. RVO 67985939). AAK received funding from MoEFCC, Govt of India (AICOPTAX project F. No. 22018/12/2015/RE/Tax). NK received funding from FORMAS (grants nr. 2018-01781, 2018-02700, 2019-00836), VR, support from the research infrastructure ICOS-SE. BK received funding from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary (grant nr. K128441). Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (projects LM2015078 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001708). Project B1-RNM-163-UGR-18-Programa Operativo FEDER 2018, partially funded data collection. Norwegian Research Council (NORKLIMA grants #184912 and #244525) awarded to Vigdis Vandvik. MM received funding from the Czech Science Foundation (grant nr. 20-28119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant nr. RVO 67985939). Project CONICYT-PAI 79170119 and ANID-MPG 190029 awarded to Roy Mackenzie. This work was partly funded by project MIUR PON Cluster OT4CLIMA.; RM received funding from the SNF project number 407340_172433. FM received funding from the Stelvio National Park. PM received funding from AIAS-COFUND fellowship programme supported by the Marie Skodowska- Curie actions under the European Union's Seventh Framework Pro-gramme for Research, Technological development and Demonstration (grant agreement no 609033) and the Aarhus University Research Foundation, Denmark. RM received funding from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (project LTT17033). SM and VM received funding from EU FP6 NitroEurope (grant nr. 17841), EU FP7 ECLAIRE (grant nr. 282910), the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (projects nr. 505, 550, 574, 602), GEF-UNEP funded "Toward INMS" project (grant nr. NEC05348) and ENI CBC BSB PONTOS (grant nr. BSB 889). The authors from Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Brazil were supported by the MCTI/CNPq/FNDCT - AcAo Transversal no68/2013 - Programa de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazonia - LBA; Project 'Como as florestas da Amazonia Central respondem as variacoes climaticas? Efeitos sobre dinamica florestal e sinergia com a fragmentacAo florestal'. FJRM was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (VICI grant 016.VICI.170.072) and Research Foundation Flanders Research Fund-Exploration (grant nr. NFRF-2018-02043) and NSERC Discovery. MMR received funding from the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award (grant nr. DE180100570). JAM received funding from the National Science Foundation (DEB 1557094), International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability Research Center. IM-S was funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council through the ShrubTundra Project (NE/M016323/1). MBN received funding from FORMAS, VR, Kempe Foundations support from the research infrastructures ICOS and SITES. MDN received funding from CONICET (grant nr. PIP 112-201501-00609). Spanish Ministry of Science grant PID2019-110521GB-I00 and Catalan government grant 2017-1005. French National Research Agency (ANR) in the frame of the Cluster of Excellence COTE (project HydroBeech, ANR-10-LABX-45). VLIR-OUS, under the Institutional University Coorperation programme (IUC) with Mountains of the Moon University. Project LAS III 77/2017/B entitled: \"Estimation of net carbon dioxide fluxes exchanged between the forest ecosystem on post-agricultural land and between the tornado-damaged forest area and the atmosphere using spectroscopic and numerical methods\", source of funding: General Directorate of State Forests, Warsaw, Poland. Max Planck Society (Germany), RFBR, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Krasnoyarsk Regional Fund of Science, project number 20-45-242908. Estonian Research Council (PRG609), and the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). Canada-Denmark Arctic Research Station Early Career Scientist Exchange Program, from Polar knowledge Canada (POLAR) and the Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education. AP received funding from Fondecyt 1180205, CONICYT PIA AFB170008 and ANID PIA / BASAL FB210006. MP received funding from the Funding Org. Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (grant nr. 2015.0047), and acknowledges funding from the Swedish Research Council (VR) with contributing research institutes to both the SITES and ICOS Sweden infrastructures.; JP and RO were funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science grant PID2019-110521GB-I00, the fundacion Ramon Areces grant ELEMENTAL-CLIMATE, and the Catalan government grant 2017-1005. MPB received funding from the Svalbard Environmental Protection Fund (grant project number 15/128) and the Research Council of Norway (Arctic Field Grant, project number 269957). RP received funding from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant INTER-TRANSFER nr. LTT20017). LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes; Federation FREE-Alpes. RP received funding from a Humboldt Fellowship for Experienced Researchers. Prokushkin AS and Zyryanov VI contribution has been supported by the RFBR grant #18-05-60203-Arktika. RPu received founding from the Polish National Science Centre (grant project number 2017/27/B/NZ8/00316). ODYSSEE project (ANR-13-ISV7-0004, PN-II-ID-JRP-RO-FR-2012). KR was supported through an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. Fieldwork was supported by the Global Challenges program at the University of Wollongong, the ARC the Australian Antarctic Division and INACH. DR was funded by the project SUBANTECO IPEV 136 (French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor), Zone Atelier CNRS Antarctique et Terres Australes, SAD Region Bretagne (Project INFLICT), BiodivERsa 2019-2020 BioDivClim call 'ASICS' (ANR-20-EBI5-0004). SAR received funding from the Australian Research Council. NSF grant #1556772 to the University of Notre Dame. Pavia University (Italy). OR received funding from EU-LEAP-Agri (RAMSES II), EU-DESIRA (CASSECS), EU-H2020 (SustainSahel), AGROPOLIS and TOTAL Foundations (DSCATT), CGIAR (GLDC). AR was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant 18-74-10048). Parc national des Ecrins. JS received funding from Vetenskapsradet grant nr (No: 2014-04270), ALTER-net multi-site grant, River LIFE project (LIFE08 NAT/S/000266), Flexpeil. Helmholtz Association long-term research program TERENO (Terrestrial Environmental Observatories). PS received funding from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant nr. N N305 304840). AS acknowledges funding by ETH Zurich project FEVER ETH-27 19-1. LSC received funding from NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship grant #). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico Estado do Rio de Janeiro (E26/200.84/2019). ZS received funding from the SRDA (grants nos. APVV-16-0325 and APVV-20-0365) and from the ERDF funding from core budget of ETH Zurich. State excellence Program M-V grant number 641918. The authors from KIT/IMK-IFU acknowledge the funding received within the German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) research program of the Helmholtz Association and from the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment and Public Health Foundation), project number 192626868, in the framework of the collaborative German-Indonesian research project CRC 990 (SFB): Rainforest Transformation Systems (Sumatra, Indonesia)'. MS received funding from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant nr. INTER-TRANSFER LTT19018).; TT received funding from the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB Dnr 95/16) and the CASSECS project supported by the European Union. HJDT received funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC doctoral training partnership grant NE/L002558/1). German Science Foundation (DFG) GraKo 2010 \"Response\". PDT received funding from the MEMOIRE project Foundation (grant nr. 21-11487S). TU received funding from the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research (CCCDI - UEFISCDI -project PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-4924 and PN2019-2022/19270201-Ctr. 25N BIODIVERS 3-BIOSERV). AV acknowledge funding from RSF, project 21-14-00209. GFV received funding from the Dutch Research Council NWO (Veni grant, no. 863.14.013). Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award DE140101611. FGAV received funding from the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) under CEECIND/02509/2018, CESAM the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park. MVI received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through a doctoral grant (FPU17/05869). JW received funding from the Czech Science Foundation (grant nr. 20-28119S) and the Czech Academy of Sciences Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the de Giacomi foundation. YY received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41861134039 and 41941015). ZY received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nr. 41877458). FZ received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant nr. 172198 and 193645). PZ received funding from the Funding Org. Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (grant no. 2015.0047). JL received funding from (i) the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), under the framework of the young investigators (JCJC) funding instrument (ANR JCJC Grant project NoANR-19-CE32-0005-01: IMPRINT) (ii) the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (Defi INFINITI 2018: MORFO); and the Structure Federative de Recherche (SFR) Condorcet (FR CNRS 3417: CREUSE). Fieldwork in the Arctic got facilitated by funding from the EU INTERACT program. SN, UAT, JJA and JvO would like to thank the field team of the Vegetation Dynamics group for their efforts and hard work. We acknowledge Dominique Tristan for letting access to the field. For the logistic support the crew of INACH and Gabriel de Castilla Station team on Deception Island. We thank the Inuvialuit and Kluane First Nations for the opportunity to work on their land. MAdP acknowledges fieldwork assistance and logistics support to Unidad de Tecnologia Marina CSIC, and the crew of Juan Carlos I and Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Stations, as well as to the different colleagues from UAH that helped on the instrument maintenance. ERF acknowledges fieldwork assistance by Martin Heggli. MBG acknowledges fieldwork and technical assistance by P Abadia, C Benede, P Bravo, J Gomez, M Grasa, R Jimenez, H Miranda, B Ponz, J Revilla and P Tejero and the Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park staff.; LH acknowledges field assistance by John Jacobs, Andrew Trant, Robert Way, Darroch Whitaker; we acknowledge the Inuit of Nunatsiavut, and the Co-management Board of Torngat Mountains National Park for their support of this project and acknowledge that the field research was conducted on their traditional lands. We thank our many bear guides, especially Boonie, Eli, Herman, John and Maria Merkuratsuk. AAK acknowledges field support of Akhtar Malik, Rameez Ahmad. Part of microclimatic records from Saxony was funded by the Saxon Switzerland National Park Administration. Tyson Research Center. JP acknowledges field support of Emmanuel Malet Practical help: Roel H. Janssen, N. Huig, E. Bakker, Schools in the tepaseforsoket, Forskar fredag, Erik Herberg. The support by the Bavarian Forest National Park administration is highly appreciated. LvdB acknowledges CONAF and onsite support from the park rangers from PN Pan de Azucar, PN La Campana, PN Nahuelbuta and from communidad agricola Quebrada de Talca. JL and FS acknowledge Manuel Nicolas and all forest officers from the Office National des Forets (ONF) who are in charge of the RENECOFOR network and who provided help and local support for the installation and maintenance of temperature loggers in the field.
Copyright information:	© 2022 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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