Removal of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions using alkali-activated analcime as sorbent
Runtti, Hanna; Sundhararasu, Elavarasi; Pesonen, Janne; Tuomikoski, Sari; Hu, Tao; Lassi, Ulla; Kangas, Teija (2023-01-12)
Runtti H, Sundhararasu E, Pesonen J, Tuomikoski S, Hu T, Lassi U, Kangas T. Removal of Ammonium Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Alkali-Activated Analcime as Sorbent. ChemEngineering. 2023; 7(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7010005
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe202301173334
Tiivistelmä
Abstract
Five alkali-activated analcime (ANA) sorbents (ANA-MK 1, ANA 2, ANA 3, ANA-MK 4, and ANA-MK 5) were developed for ammonium (NH₄⁺) ion removal. Acid treatment and calcination were used as pre-treatments for analcime, and metakaolin (MK) was used as a blending agent in three sorbents. Sorption experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of sorbent dosage (1–20 g L⁻¹), initial NH₄⁺ ion concentration (5–1000 g L⁻¹), and contact time (1 min–24 h). ANA-MK 1, ANA 2, and ANA-MK 4 were the most efficient sorbents for NH₄⁺ ion removal, with a maximum experimental sorption uptake of 29.79, 26.00, and 22.24 mg g⁻¹, respectively. ANA 3 and ANA-MK 5 demonstrated lower sorption capacities at 7.18 and 12.65 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The results for the sorption of NH₄⁺ ions onto the alkali-activated analcime surfaces were modeled using several isotherms. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Bi-Langmuir isotherms were the best isotherm models to represent the studied systems. The results of the kinetic studies showed the maximum NH₄⁺ ion removal percentage of the sorbents was ~80%, except for ANA-MK 5, which had a ~70% removal. Moreover, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models were applied to the experimental data. The results showed that the sorption process for ANA-MK 1, ANA 2, ANA 3, and ANA-MK 4 followed the Elovich model, whereas the pseudo-second-order model provided the best correlation for ANA-MK 5.
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