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Analysis of the Solar Flare Index for Solar Cycles 8–24: : Extremely Deep Gnevyshev Gap in the Chromosphere |
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| Author: | Takalo, Jouni1 |
| Organizations: |
1Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, POB 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland |
| Format: | article |
| Version: | published version |
| Access: | open |
| Online Access: | PDF Full Text (PDF, 5.1 MB) |
| Persistent link: | http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe20230927137627 |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Nature,
2023
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| Publish Date: | 2023-09-27 |
| Description: |
AbstractWe study the solar flare index (SFI) for the Solar Cycles 18 – 24. We find that SFI has deeper Gnevyshev gap (GG) in its first principal component than other atmospheric parameters. The GG is extremely clear especially in the even cycles. The GG of the SFI appears about a half year later as a drop in the interplanetary magnetic field near the Earth and in the geomagnetic Ap-index. The instantaneous response of the magnetic field to solar flares, however, shows about two to three days after the eruption as a high, sharp peak in the cross-correlation of the SFI and Ap-index and as a lower peak in SFI vs. IMF B cross-correlation. We confirm these rapid responses using superposed-epoch analysis. The most active flare cycles during 1944 – 2020 are Cycles 19 and 21. Cycle 18 has very strong SFI days as many as Cycle 22, but it has the least nonzero SFI days in the whole interval. Interestingly, Cycle 20 can be compared to Cycles 23 and 24 in its low flare activity, although it is located between the most active SFI cycles. see all
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| Series: |
Solar physics |
| ISSN: | 0038-0938 |
| ISSN-E: | 1573-093X |
| ISSN-L: | 0038-0938 |
| Volume: | 298 |
| Issue: | 7 |
| Article number: | 86 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11207-023-02177-8 |
| OADOI: | https://oadoi.org/10.1007/s11207-023-02177-8 |
| Type of Publication: |
A1 Journal article – refereed |
| Field of Science: |
115 Astronomy and space science |
| Subjects: | |
| Funding: |
Open Access funding provided by University of Oulu including Oulu University Hospital. |
| Dataset Reference: |
The Solar Flare index data were obtained from https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/U5GR3D. Part of the Flare Index Data used were calculated by T. Atac and A. Ozguc from Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory, Istanbul, Turkey. The dates of cycle minima were obtained from the National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA (https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/space-weather/solar-data/solar-indices/sunspot-numbers/cycle-data/table_cycle-dates_maximum-minimum.txt). The newly reconstructed corona indices were obtained from www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/solar/corona.html. The corona index for Solar Cycle 24 was downloaded from www.suh.sk/obs/vysl/MCI.htm. The SSN2 data has been downloaded from www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles, and the solar radio flux data from lasp.colorado.edu/lisird/data/penticton_radio_flux/. Definitive values of Ap are provided by GeoForschungs Zentrum (GFZ) Potsdam. The OMNI2 data are downloaded from https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/low_res_omni/. Daily plage area data are from http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/J/A+A/639/A88/comp_d.dat. |
| Copyright information: |
© The Author 2023.This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |